"Anesthesia or anaesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical or veterinary purposes."
Study of how the body works, including the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, as they are affected under anesthesia.
Anatomy: The study of the structure of the body, including organs and tissues.
Biochemistry: The study of chemical processes that occur within living organisms, including metabolism and enzyme function.
Biophysics: The study of physical principles that underlie the functioning of living systems.
Pharmacology: The study of drugs and their effects on the body.
Neuroanatomy: The study of the structure and function of the nervous system.
Neuroscience: The scientific study of the nervous system, including its development, structure, and function.
Cardiology: The study of the structure, function, and diseases of the heart and circulatory system.
Pulmonology: The study of the structure, function, and diseases of the lungs and respiratory system.
Gastroenterology: The study of the structure, function, and diseases of the digestive system.
Immunology: The study of the immune system, including its structure, function, and diseases.
Endocrinology: The study of the structure, function, and diseases of the endocrine system, which regulates hormones.
Renal Physiology: The study of the structure, function, and diseases of the kidneys.
Hematology: The study of blood and blood-forming tissues.
Microbiology: The study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Genetics: The study of heredity and variation in organisms.
Molecular Biology: The study of the chemical and physical basis of biological systems at the molecular level.
Biostatistics: The study of statistical methods applied to biological and medical data.
Epidemiology: The study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
Clinical Research: The study of the effectiveness and safety of medical treatments, drugs, devices, and therapies.
Medical Ethics: The study of ethical issues and moral dilemmas that arise in the practice of medicine and patient care.
Patient Safety: The study of identifying, reporting, and preventing medical errors and adverse events in healthcare settings.
Cardiac physiology: This involves the study of the heart and how it functions under different conditions.
Respiratory physiology: It is the branch of physiology that deals with the mechanisms of breathing and oxygen supply to the body during anesthesia.
Neurophysiology: It involves the study of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, and how they respond to anesthesia.
Endocrine physiology: This covers the study of hormones and their effects on the body and how anesthesia can impact their function.
Renal (Kidney) Physiology: The study of how kidneys work, and how they respond to anesthesia.
Hematologic (Blood) physiology: This involves the study of blood, blood cells, and their function, and how anesthesia can impact them.
Gastrointestinal physiology: This covers the study of how the digestive system functions and how anesthesia impacts its function.
Muscular physiology: The study of muscle function and its reactions to anesthesia.
Metabolic physiology: This involves the study of how the body produces and uses energy and how anesthesia affects metabolism.
Immunology physiology: This covers the study of how the immune system functions and how it responds when the body is under anesthesia.
Anesthesia pharmacology: It involves the study of drugs that affect the nervous system during anesthesia.
Pharmacokinetics: This studies how drugs move throughout the body and breakdown in the body.
Pharmacodynamics: It is the study of the relationships between the concentration of drug at the site of action and the magnitude of pharmacologic effect.
Pain physiology: This covers the study of pain perception and how anesthesia can help alleviate it.
Toxicology physiology: This covers the study of the consequences of overdoses, the physiology of drug addiction, and how to treat it.
"It may include some or all of analgesia (relief from or prevention of pain), paralysis (muscle relaxation), amnesia (loss of memory), and unconsciousness."
"Anesthesia enables the painless performance of procedures that would otherwise require physical restraint in a non-anesthetized individual or would otherwise be technically unfeasible."
"General anesthesia suppresses central nervous system activity and results in unconsciousness and total lack of sensation, using either injected or inhaled drugs. Sedation suppresses the central nervous system to a lesser degree, inhibiting both anxiety and creation of long-term memories without resulting in unconsciousness."
"Local anesthesia is simple infiltration by the clinician directly onto the region of interest (e.g., numbing a tooth for dental work)."
"Peripheral nerve blocks use drugs targeted at peripheral nerves to anesthetize an isolated part of the body, such as an entire limb."
"Neuraxial blockade, mainly epidural and spinal anesthesia, can be performed in the region of the central nervous system itself, suppressing all incoming sensation from nerves supplying the area of the block."
"In preparing for a medical or veterinary procedure, the clinician chooses one or more drugs to achieve the types and degree of anesthesia characteristics appropriate for the type of procedure and the particular patient."
"The types of drugs used include general anesthetics, local anesthetics, hypnotics, dissociatives, sedatives, adjuncts, neuromuscular-blocking drugs, narcotics, and analgesics."
"The risks of complications during or after anesthesia are often difficult to separate from those of the procedure for which anesthesia is being given, but in the main they are related to three factors: the health of the individual, the complexity and stress of the procedure itself, and the anaesthetic technique."
"Major perioperative risks can include death, heart attack, and pulmonary embolism."
"Minor risks can include postoperative nausea and vomiting and hospital readmission."
"Some conditions, like local anesthetic toxicity, airway trauma, or malignant hyperthermia, can be more directly attributed to specific anesthetic drugs and techniques."
"Anesthesia or anaesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical or veterinary purposes."
"Sedation suppresses the central nervous system to a lesser degree, inhibiting both anxiety and creation of long-term memories without resulting in unconsciousness."
"Regional anesthesia blocks transmission of nerve impulses from a specific part of the body, either used alone or in combination with general anesthesia or sedation."
"Local anesthesia is simple infiltration by the clinician directly onto the region of interest, e.g., numbing a tooth for dental work."
"Anesthesia may include amnesia, which is the loss of memory."
"The health of the individual, the complexity and stress of the procedure itself, and the anaesthetic technique influence the choice of anesthesia."
"The risks of complications during or after anesthesia are often difficult to separate from those of the procedure for which anesthesia is being given, but in the main they are related to the anaesthetic technique."