"The urinary system, also known as the urinary tract or renal system, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra."
Study of the biological processes and functions of the urinary system, including urine formation, storage, and elimination.
Anatomy of the Urinary System: A study of the location, structure, and function of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Physiology of the Nephron: Understanding how the nephron, the smallest functional unit of the kidney, filters waste products and maintains fluid balance in the body.
Urine Formation: The process by which the kidneys filter water and solutes from the blood into the nephron, ultimately leading to the production of urine.
Renal Blood Flow: The movement of blood through the kidneys, including the renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, and efferent arteriole.
Filtration Fraction: The percentage of fluid filtered from the blood in the glomerulus, which helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.
Tubular Transport: Movement of substances across the renal tubules, including reabsorption and secretion of ions, sugars, amino acids, and other substances.
Renal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes: The control of fluid and electrolyte balance in the body through the regulation of renal function.
Acid-Base Balance: The regulation of the pH balance of the blood by the kidneys, which remove excess hydrogen ions and produce bicarbonate ions.
Hormonal Regulation: The role of hormones, such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, in regulating renal function and fluid balance.
Disorders of the Urinary System: Common conditions that affect the normal functioning of the urinary system, including urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and renal failure.
Renal Physiology: It is the study of how the kidneys function in the urinary system, including the regulation of blood pressure, filtration of waste materials, and secretion of hormones.
Ureteral Physiology: It focuses on the activities of the ureters in transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Bladder Physiology: It involves the study of how the bladder stores urine and releases it when needed, as well as how it is affected by various diseases and conditions.
Urethral Physiology: It examines the role of the urethra in the urinary system, including the transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Nephrology: It is a specialty in medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of kidney disorders and focuses on understanding the normal and abnormal physiological processes of the kidneys and urinary system.
Urinary Tract Infection Physiology: It focuses on the mechanisms by which urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur, including how bacteria gain access to the urinary system and how the body responds to these infections.
Neurogenic Bladder Physiology: It examines how various neurological conditions affect the bladder's function and how to manage these conditions.
Acid-Base Balance Physiology: It is the study of how the urinary system regulates the acid-base balance of the body, including the regulation of pH levels in the blood and the excretion of acid and alkaline substances.
Dialysis Physiology: It involves the mechanisms by which dialysis works to remove excess fluids and waste products from the blood in people with kidney failure.
Urodynamics: It is a branch of physiology that examines the function of the urinary system using a combination of tools, including uroflowmetry, electromyography, and other diagnostic procedures.
"The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH."
"The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for the eventual removal of urine."
"The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein."
"Each kidney consists of functional units called nephrons."
"The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine towards the urinary bladder."
"Urine is stored in the urinary bladder."
"Urine is expelled from the body by urination (voiding)."
"The female and male urinary system are very similar, differing only in the length of the urethra."
"Urine is formed in the kidneys through filtration of blood."
"800–2,000 milliliters (mL) of urine are normally produced every day in a healthy human."
"This amount varies according to fluid intake and kidney function."
"The purpose of the urinary system is to... regulate blood volume."
"During urination, the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body."
"The purpose of the urinary system is to... regulate blood pressure."
"The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein."
"The purpose of the urinary system is to... control levels of electrolytes and metabolites."
"During urination, the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body."
"The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored."
"Urine is expelled from the body by urination (voiding)."