Study of the embryological process that leads to a functional respiratory system and how it continues to develop through childhood, adolescence and eventually adulthood.
Embryonic development of the respiratory system: This topic covers the early stages of respiratory system development in the embryo, including the formation of the lung buds and the branching of the bronchi.
Lung structure and function: The anatomy of the lungs, including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and their functions in respiration.
Pulmonary surfactant: This topic covers the surfactant produced by the alveolar cells that reduces surface tension and helps keep the alveoli open during breathing.
Respiratory muscles: The muscles responsible for breathing, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, and their role in respiration.
Gas exchange in the lungs: The process of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the alveolar air and the blood capillaries.
Respiratory regulation: The control of breathing, including the role of the respiratory centers in the brain and the influence of various factors on respiration, such as carbon dioxide levels and oxygen saturation.
Lung surfactant deficiency: This topic covers respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), a life-threatening condition in premature infants caused by insufficient pulmonary surfactant.
Respiratory diseases: Common respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia, their causes, symptoms, and treatment.
Respiratory infections: This topic covers viral and bacterial infections that affect the respiratory system, such as influenza, tuberculosis, and COVID-19.
Respiratory system in aging: The changes that occur in the respiratory system with age, including reduced lung function and increased risk of respiratory diseases.