- "The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants."
This covers the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory system disorders, including topics such as pulmonary function testing, bronchoscopy, and lung cancer treatments.
Respiratory System Overview: The basic introduction to the types of organs and tissues that make up the respiratory system, including the purpose of respiration and its overall impact on human health.
Upper Respiratory Tract: This topic covers the anatomy and functions of the upper respiratory tract, including the nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
Lower Respiratory Tract: A more in-depth look into the lower respiratory tract, which includes the trachea, bronchi, and lungs, this topic will cover the anatomical details and functions of these vital organs.
Gas Exchange: To perform its primary function, the respiratory system must also enable the exchange of gas. This topic pertains to the mechanism of gas exchange, including the factors that affect oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
Respiratory Control: This topic covers the neural, chemical, and mechanical factors involved in the control of respiration.
Development of the Respiratory System: This topic explores the development of the respiratory system from fetal life to adolescence, highlighting the important morphological and functional changes that occur during this time.
Respiratory Diseases: To comprehend the many respiratory-related disorders and their causes, this topic covers the most common lung diseases, their pathophysiology, and available treatment options.
Respiratory Assessment: To perform a comprehensive patient evaluation in a clinical setting, clinicians must understand the tools and techniques required for a thorough respiratory assessment.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Pulmonary Circulation: This topic covers the anatomy and physiology of pulmonary circulation, particularly the anatomy of the pulmonary arteries and veins, blood flow, and gas exchange.
Respiratory Pharmacology: To understand the pharmacotherapy of respiratory diseases, students must learn about the different drugs used to treat respiratory conditions, their mechanisms of action, dosage, and potential side effects.
Gross Anatomy: It involves the study of the overall structure of the respiratory system, including the lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and other related organs.
Histology: It involves the study of the cellular composition, organization, and function of the respiratory system.
Embryology: It involves the study of the development and formation of the respiratory system during prenatal development.
Pathophysiology: It involves the study of the abnormal functioning of the respiratory system and its related diseases and disorders.
Pharmacology: It involves the study of drugs and medications used to treat respiratory disorders and their effects on the respiratory system.
Comparative Anatomy: It involves the study of the similarities and differences in the respiratory system of different species.
Radiographic Anatomy: It involves the study of the respiratory system using imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans.
Clinical Anatomy: It involves the application of anatomy and physiology principles to clinical practice, such as diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases and disorders.
Surgical Anatomy: It involves the study of the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system relevant to surgical interventions.
Functional Anatomy: It involves the study of the functional aspects of the respiratory system, such as gas exchange, respiratory mechanics, and lung function tests.
- "The anatomy and physiology that make this happen varies greatly, depending on the size of the organism, the environment in which it lives, and its evolutionary history."
- "In land animals, the respiratory surface is internalized as linings of the lungs."
- "Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of small air sacs; in mammals and reptiles these are called alveoli."
- "In birds they are known as atria."
- "These microscopic air sacs have a very rich blood supply, thus bringing the air into close contact with the blood."
- "These air sacs communicate with the external environment via a system of airways, or hollow tubes, of which the largest is the trachea."
- "The trachea branches in the middle of the chest into the two main bronchi."
- "These enter the lungs where they branch into progressively narrower secondary and tertiary bronchi that branch into numerous smaller tubes, the bronchioles."
- "In birds, the bronchioles are termed parabronchi."
- "Air has to be pumped from the environment into the alveoli or atria by the process of breathing which involves the muscles of respiration."
- "In most fish, and a number of other aquatic animals, the respiratory system consists of gills, which are either partially or completely external organs, bathed in the watery environment."
- "Gas exchange takes place in the gills which consist of thin or very flat filaments and lamellae which expose a very large surface area of highly vascularized tissue to the water."
- "Insects have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features, and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange."
- "The respiratory system in plants includes anatomical features such as stomata, that are found in various parts of the plant."