"whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands."
Explain the relationship between the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system, including the role of motor neurons and sensory neurons.
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology: An overview of the basic terms and concepts used in the study of the human body.
Cells and Tissues: An understanding of cells and tissues composing the human body, such as neural cells and muscle cells.
The Body Plan: The basic structure and organization of the human body, including the organs and organ systems.
The Skeletal System: The skeletal system, consisting of bones, cartilage, and ligaments.
The Muscular System: The muscular system, consisting of the different types of muscle tissues, and their function.
The Nervous System: An overview of the nervous system, including the different parts of the brain and spinal cord, and their functions.
Autonomic Nervous System: Understanding the autonomic nervous system, its parts, and its functions.
Somatic Nervous System: Understanding the somatic nervous system, its parts, and its functions.
Reflex Arc: Understanding the process of reflex arcs, which govern spinal reflexes.
Central Nervous System: Understanding the central nervous system, and its parts, including the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System: Understanding the peripheral nervous system, and its parts, such as the cranial and spinal nerves.
Sensory Receptors: Understanding sensory receptors, and perceptual pathways, including the special senses, and somatosensory pathways.
Motor Neurons: Understanding motor neurons, and the muscular system.
Integumentary System: Understanding the integumentary system, including the skin, hair, and nails, and their functions.
Bones: Understanding the bones of the skeletal system, including the axial and appendicular skeleton.
Muscles: Understanding the different types of muscles in the muscular system, including the skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.
Joints: Understanding the different types of joints, such as synovial, fibrous, and cartilaginous joints, and their functions.
Spine: Understanding the structure and function of the spine, and the different types of vertebrae.
Upper Limb: Understanding the structure and function of the upper limb, including the bones, joints, and muscles.
Lower Limb: Understanding the structure and function of the lower limb, including the bones, joints, and muscles.
Motor Control: Understanding the mechanisms that control motor function, including the spinal cord, brain, and sensory feedback.
Pathology: Understanding the common pathologies of the nervous system, and the musculoskeletal system.
Rehabilitation: Understanding the process of recovery from injury, and rehabilitation after injury.
Imaging Techniques: Understanding the different imaging techniques used to diagnose and evaluate the nervous system and musculoskeletal system.
Clinical Practice: Understanding how to apply knowledge to practical clinical practice.
Central Nervous System (CNS): This system includes the brain and spinal cord, and it controls most of the functions of the body. It receives, processes, and sends signals to various body parts.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): This system comprises all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. It connects the CNS to the rest of the body and includes sensory and motor neurons.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): ANS regulates involuntary body functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration. It has two subdivisions - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Enteric Nervous System (ENS): ENS is a network of neurons that controls the digestive system's functions. It works independently but communicates with the CNS via the PNS.
Skeletal System: This system comprises bones, ligaments, and cartilage. It provides support, protection, and mobility to the body.
Muscular System: This system comprises muscles, tendons, and fascia. It moves the body by contracting and relaxing muscles.
Articular System: This system comprises joints that connect bones. It allows movement and flexibility between bones.
Integumentary System: This system comprises skin, hair, nails, and glands. It protects the body from external damage and regulates body temperature.
Lymphatic System: This system comprises lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymphatic tissue. It helps the immune system by filtering and destroying harmful substances.
"...located in the motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord."
"There are two types of motor neuron – upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons."
"Axons from upper motor neurons synapse onto interneurons in the spinal cord..."
"Axons from upper motor neurons synapse onto interneurons in the spinal cord and occasionally directly onto lower motor neurons."
"The axons from the lower motor neurons are efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from the spinal cord to the effectors."
"Types of lower motor neurons are alpha motor neurons, beta motor neurons, and gamma motor neurons."
"A single motor neuron may innervate many muscle fibers."
"Innervation takes place at a neuromuscular junction."
"A muscle fiber can undergo many action potentials in the time taken for a single muscle twitch."
"Twitches can become superimposed as a result of summation or a tetanic contraction."
"Individual twitches can become indistinguishable..."
"...and tension rises smoothly eventually reaching a plateau."
"…control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands."
"...axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord..."
"...whose cell body is located in the motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord..."
"...lower motor neurons are efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from the spinal cord to the effectors."
"A single motor neuron may innervate many muscle fibers."
"Twitches can become superimposed as a result of summation or a tetanic contraction."
"Innervation takes place at a neuromuscular junction."