"Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs)."
Study of anatomical and physiological aspects of drug actions and their effects.
Introduction to pharmacology and anatomy: Fundamentals of pharmacology and anatomy, including basic terminology, approaches to pharmacological research, and principles of physiology.
Cell Biology: Cellular structures, organelles, and molecular biology of cells, including membrane transport, cell signaling, and the extracellular matrix.
Tissues and organ systems: Tissues and their functions, including epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organ systems, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems, and their structures and functions.
Central Nervous System (CNS): Structures of the brain and spinal cord, and their functions, including neurotransmitters, receptors and pathways.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): The role of PNS in the body, including nerves, muscles, and sensory receptors.
Endocrine system: The endocrine system’s structure and function, including hormones, glands, and receptors.
Respiratory system: Structure and function, including gas exchange, breathing mechanisms, and lung diseases.
Cardiovascular system: The heart anatomy and physiology, blood vessels, blood pressure regulation, and circulation.
Renal system: The kidney anatomy and function, including filtration, secretion, and excretion.
Musculoskeletal system: The anatomy and physiology of bones, joints, muscles, and the importance of muscle contraction.
Immune system: The system’s structure and function, including white blood cells, organs of the immune system, and immune responses to infection.
Integumentary system: Skin anatomy, function, and pathology, including skin structure, hair, and nails.
Reproductive system: The anatomy and physiology of the reproductive organs and systems, including embryonic development, fetal growth, and reproductive disorders.
Pharmacodynamics: The study of the effects of drugs on the body and its processes, including receptor theory, drug interactions, and toxicology.
Pharmacokinetics: The study of how the body processes drugs, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Toxicology: The study of the adverse effects of substances on living organisms, including factors that influence toxicity, toxicity testing methods, and regulation of toxins.
Drug development: The process of developing a drug, including preclinical studies, clinical trials, and drug approval processes.
Ethical considerations: Questions related to the use of drugs in research and clinical situations, including informed consent, confidentiality, and patient autonomy.
Clinical pharmacology anatomy: The study of the effects of drugs on the human body, including how they work, how they are metabolized, and how they interact with other drugs.
Toxicological anatomy: Research and study of the harmful effects of drugs or chemicals on the human body and their impact on organs and tissues.
Psychopharmacological anatomy: The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system, brain functioning, and behavior.
Pharmacogenomics anatomy: The study of how genetics affects the way the body responds to drugs and the potential for personalized medicine.
Drug delivery system anatomy: Research and development of new delivery systems to maximize drug efficacy and minimize side effects.
Pharmacoepidemiology anatomy: The study of the effectiveness and safety of drugs in populations, based on observational studies and statistical analysis.
Regulatory pharmacological anatomy: The effects of drugs are evaluated and monitored in order to approve them for regulatory approval.
Biopharmaceutical anatomy: Research on medications derived from biological sources, such as genetically engineered microorganisms or animal products.
Immunopharmacology anatomy: The effects of drugs on the immune system, including the modulation of immune responses.
Pharmacokinetic anatomy: The study of how drugs are distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body.
"Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the main branches of pharmacology."
"Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects."
"Pharmacodynamics places particular emphasis on dose-response relationships."
"Pharmacodynamics places particular emphasis on dose-response relationships, that is, the relationships between drug concentration and effect."
"L, R, and LR represent ligand (drug), receptor, and ligand-receptor complex concentrations, respectively."
"This equation represents a simplified model of reaction dynamics that can be studied mathematically through tools such as free energy maps."
"Pharmacodynamics is the study of how a drug affects an organism."
"Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the organism affects the drug."
"The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms."
"Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects."
"Pharmacodynamics is sometimes abbreviated as PD."
"Pharmacokinetics is sometimes abbreviated as PK."
"Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the main branches of pharmacology."
"Biology is interested in the study of the interactions of both endogenous and exogenous chemical substances with living organisms."
"Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects."
"Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the organism affects the drug."
"Pharmacodynamics places particular emphasis on dose-response relationships."
"The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms."
"L, R, and LR represent ligand (drug), receptor, and ligand-receptor complex concentrations, respectively."