- "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure consisting of chest compressions often combined with artificial ventilation, or mouth to mouth in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest."
This topic covers the relationship between the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system, including the exchange of gases and the regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Heart Anatomy: The study of the structure of the heart, including its chambers, valves, and blood vessels.
Circulatory System: The system in which the heart pumps blood throughout the body.
Blood Vessels: The network of vessels that carries blood throughout the body, including arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Aorta: The largest artery in the body that transport blood to various organs.
Cardiac Cycle: The sequence of events in which the heart contracts and then relaxes.
Heartbeat: The rhythmic contraction of the heart that pumps blood throughout the body.
Blood Pressure: The force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries, which is determined by the volume of blood and the resistance of the arteries.
Ventricular System: The system in which the heart's ventricles (lower chambers) pump blood out to the circulatory system.
Coronary Arteries: The vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle itself.
Oxygenation: The process by which oxygen is added to the blood, typically in the lungs.
Carbon dioxide: A waste product of respiration that must be removed from the body.
Pulmonary Veins: Vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Pulmonary Arteries: Vessels that transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Capillaries: The smallest blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, where nutrients, gases, and waste are exchanged with body tissues.
Heart Valves: Structures that control the flow of blood through the heart.
Heart Murmurs: Abnormal heart sounds caused by altered blood flow through the heart valves.
EKG/ECG: Electrocardiogram, a test that records the electrical activity of the heart.
Heart Failure: A condition in which the heart cannot adequately pump blood through the circulatory system.
Coronary Heart Disease: A condition in which the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked.
Circulatory Shock: A condition in which blood flow to the organs is compromised.
Heart Attack: A sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart that leads to heart damage.
Cardiac Arrest: A condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating.
Hypertension: Chronically elevated blood pressure that can lead to cardiovascular disease.
Atherosclerosis: A buildup of fatty deposits in the arterial walls that can lead to cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack or stroke.
Exercise Physiology: The study of how the cardiovascular system responds to physical activity.
Human Cardiovascular System: The human cardiovascular system consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The system is responsible for carrying blood through the body, delivering essential nutrients and oxygen to tissues and organs, and removing waste.
Mammalian Cardiovascular System: Mammalian cardiovascular systems are similar to human systems, consisting of a four-chambered heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. These systems also play a key role in oxygen and nutrient delivery and waste removal.
Avian Cardiovascular System: Bird cardiovascular systems are unique in that they contain multiple pumping chambers in the heart, allowing for a higher metabolic rate and greater oxygen delivery. Avian systems also feature specialized air sacs that assist in the respiratory process.
Fish Cardiovascular System: Fish cardiovascular systems vary depending on the species, but typically consist of a two-chambered heart and a single circulatory loop. These systems are designed to meet the metabolic needs of aquatic creatures.
Insect Cardiovascular System: Insect cardiovascular systems are highly specialized, consisting of a long tube and several smaller, pulsating areas. These systems are designed to distribute nutrients and oxygen throughout the insect's body.
Reptilian Cardiovascular System: Reptilian cardiovascular systems vary depending on the species, but typically feature a three-chambered heart and a double circulatory system. These systems are designed to meet the needs of cold-blooded animals.
Amphibian Cardiovascular System: Amphibian cardiovascular systems vary depending on the species, but typically feature a three-chambered heart and a double circulatory system. These systems play a vital role in gas exchange and nutrient delivery.
Arthropod Cardiovascular System: Arthropod cardiovascular systems are highly specialized, consisting of an open circulatory system that pumps the blood through the body cavity. These systems play a key role in nutrient delivery and waste removal.
Mollusk Cardiovascular System: Mollusk cardiovascular systems are highly specialized, consisting of a simple heart and a network of blood vessels. These systems are designed to meet the needs of these creatures, which typically live in aquatic environments.
Cnidarian Cardiovascular System: Cnidarian cardiovascular systems are unique in that they lack a true circulatory system. Instead, nutrients and oxygen are delivered to cells through simple diffusion across the organism's body surface.
- "It is recommended for those who are unresponsive with no breathing or abnormal breathing, for example, agonal respirations."
- "CPR involves chest compressions for adults between 5 cm (2.0 in) and 6 cm (2.4 in) deep and at a rate of at least 100 to 120 per minute."
- "The rescuer may also provide artificial ventilation by either exhaling air into the subject's mouth or nose (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation) or using a device that pushes air into the subject's lungs (mechanical ventilation)."
- "Current recommendations place emphasis on early and high-quality chest compressions over artificial ventilation; a simplified CPR method involving only chest compressions is recommended for untrained rescuers."
- "2015 American Heart Association guidelines indicate that doing only compressions may actually result in worse outcomes, because such problems in children normally arise from respiratory issues rather than from cardiac ones, given their young age."
- "CPR alone is unlikely to restart the heart. Its main purpose is to restore the partial flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and heart."
- "The objective is to delay tissue death and to extend the brief window of opportunity for a successful resuscitation without permanent brain damage."
- "Administration of an electric shock to the subject's heart, termed defibrillation, is usually needed to restore a viable, or 'perfusing,' heart rhythm."
- "Defibrillation is effective only for certain heart rhythms, namely ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia."
- "Early shock, when appropriate, is recommended. CPR may succeed in inducing a heart rhythm that may be shockable."
- "CPR is continued until the person has a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or is declared dead."
- "CPR involves chest compressions often combined with artificial ventilation... to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing."
- "It is recommended for those who are unresponsive with no breathing or abnormal breathing, for example, agonal respirations."
- "CPR involves chest compressions for adults... at a rate of at least 100 to 120 per minute."
- "CPR alone is unlikely to restart the heart. Its main purpose is to restore the partial flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and heart."
- "The objective is to delay tissue death and to extend the brief window of opportunity for a successful resuscitation without permanent brain damage."
- "Administration of an electric shock to the subject's heart, termed defibrillation, is usually needed to restore a viable, or 'perfusing,' heart rhythm."
- "Defibrillation is effective only for certain heart rhythms, namely ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia."
- "CPR is continued until the person has a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or is declared dead."