"Critical race theory (CRT) is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing how laws, social and political movements, and media shape, and are shaped by, social conceptions of race and ethnicity."
The topic of Race and Racism in media studies and critical race theory examines the representation, perpetuation, and impact of racial stereotypes, discrimination, and power dynamics within media and their role in shaping societal perceptions.
White privilege: The idea that white people inherently benefit from systemic racism and have advantages in society.
Systemic racism: Racism that is embedded in societal institutions such as education, politics, and law enforcement.
Intersectionality: The idea that multiple forms of oppression (such as racism and sexism) can intersect and compound each other.
Colonialism: The historical process of European expansion and domination over other regions of the world, often involving exploitation and subjugation of non-white populations.
Microaggressions: Subtle, often unintentional acts of discrimination that contribute to a hostile environment for marginalized groups.
Cultural appropriation: The act of taking and using aspects of a culture without proper respect, understanding, or acknowledgment.
Implicit bias: Unconscious attitudes and beliefs that can influence our behavior and contribute to systemic racism.
Colorism: Discrimination based on skin color within a racial group, often favoring lighter skin tones over darker ones.
Racial profiling: The practice of law enforcement targeting individuals based on race or ethnicity.
Stereotyping: Oversimplified and often negative preconceived notions about a particular group of people based on their race.
Allyship: Actively supporting and advocating for marginalized communities as a non-member of those groups.
Reparations: The idea of compensating and repairing harm done to Black communities and other people of color as a result of centuries of systemic racism and oppression.
Whiteness: The idea that being white is a social construct with political and social implications, including the belief that white people are normal and superior in society.
Media representation: Analysis of how various forms of media (such as film, television, and news) represent race and shape public perceptions of different racial groups.
Counter-narratives: Alternative perspectives and perspectives that challenge dominant narratives about race and racism.
Biological racism: The belief that certain races are superior or inferior based on inherited physical traits such as skin color, facial features, and body type.
Cultural racism: The belief that certain races or cultures are superior or inferior based on their beliefs, values, customs, and traditions.
Institutional racism: Racism embedded in the policies and practices of social and political institutions, including the criminal justice system, education, healthcare, and housing. This type of racism perpetuates racial disparities and inequalities.
Microaggressions: Subtle and often unconscious forms of racism that can manifest as actions, words, or behaviors that target individuals or groups based on their race or ethnicity.
Colorism: Discrimination based on skin color within the same racial group. This type of discrimination often results in lighter-skinned individuals receiving preferential treatment compared to those with darker skin.
Subtle racism: Unconscious or subtle forms of racism that are often difficult to identify. Examples include using euphemisms to avoid using the word "race" or assuming that individuals from minority groups are less competent than their white counterparts.
"CRT also considers racism to be systemic in various laws and rules, and not only based on individuals' prejudices."
"The word critical in the name is an academic reference to critical thinking, critical theory, and scholarly criticism, rather than criticizing or blaming individuals."
"CRT is also used in sociology to explain social, political, and legal structures and power distribution as through a 'lens' focusing on the concept of race, and experiences of racism."
"A key CRT concept is intersectionality—the way in which different forms of inequality and identity are affected by interconnections of race, class, gender, and disability."
"For example, the CRT conceptual framework examines racial bias in laws and legal institutions, such as highly disparate rates of incarceration among racial groups in the United States."
"Scholars of CRT view race as a social construct with no biological basis."
"One tenet of CRT is that racism and disparate racial outcomes are the result of complex, changing, and often subtle social and institutional dynamics, rather than explicit and intentional prejudices of individuals."
"CRT scholars argue that the social and legal construction of race advances the interests of white people at the expense of people of color, and that the liberal notion of U.S. law as 'neutral' plays a significant role in maintaining a racially unjust social order."
"CRT began in the United States in the post–civil rights era, as 1960s landmark civil rights laws were being eroded and schools were being re-segregated."
"CRT, a framework of analysis grounded in critical theory, originated in the mid-1970s in the writings of several American legal scholars, including Derrick Bell, Alan Freeman, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Richard Delgado, Cheryl Harris, Charles R. Lawrence III, Mari Matsuda, and Patricia J. Williams."
"CRT draws from the work of thinkers such as Antonio Gramsci, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and W. E. B. Du Bois, as well as the Black Power, Chicano, and radical feminist movements from the 1960s and 1970s."
"Academic critics of CRT argue it is based on storytelling instead of evidence and reason, rejects truth and merit, and undervalues liberalism."
"Since 2020, conservative U.S. lawmakers have sought to ban or restrict the instruction of CRT education in primary and secondary schools, as well as relevant training inside federal agencies."
"Advocates of such bans argue that CRT is false, anti-American, villainizes white people, promotes radical leftism, and indoctrinates children."
"Advocates of bans on CRT have been accused of misrepresenting its tenets."
"Advocates of bans on CRT have been accused of... having the goal to broadly silence discussions of racism, equality, social justice, and the history of race." Note: Due to the length and complexity of the passage, not every question may have an explicit quote matching it exactly. However, the selected quotes provide relevant information related to the study questions.