"In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields."
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics that studies the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and how the presence of one can create the other.
Electric charge and electric field: The properties and behavior of electric charges and the forces they exert on each other.
Coulomb's law: The mathematical equation that describes the force between two electric charges.
Electric potential energy and potential difference: The energy associated with electric charges and the difference in potential between two points in an electric field.
Electric currents: The movement of electric charges through a conductor.
Resistance and Ohm's law: The relationship between resistance, voltage, and current.
DC circuits: Circuits with a constant voltage source and steady-state current flow.
Magnetic force: The force exerted on a charged particle moving through a magnetic field.
Magnetic fields: The properties and behavior of magnets and magnetic fields.
Lorentz force law: The force exerted on a charged particle moving through an electric and magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction: The generation of an electric field and current by a changing magnetic field.
Faraday's law: The mathematical equation describing electromagnetic induction.
AC circuits: Circuits with a changing voltage source and varying current flow.
Maxwell's equations: The set of equations that describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic waves: The propagation of electromagnetic fields through space.
Reflection, refraction, and diffraction of electromagnetic waves: The behaviors of electromagnetic waves as they interact with different media and barriers.
Coulomb's Law: It describes the electrostatic interaction between two charged particles.
Electric Field: It is a vector field that describes the force on a charged particle due to other charges in the vicinity.
Gauss's Law: It relates the electric field to the distribution of charges in a closed surface.
Electric Potential: It is the potential energy per unit charge at a point in space.
Capacitors: It is an arrangement of two conductors separated by a dielectric, capable of storing charge.
Currents: It is the flow of electric charges in a wire or a conductor.
Magnetic Field: It is a vector field that describes the force on a charged particle due to a magnetic field.
Ampere's Law: It relates the magnetic field to the distribution of currents in a closed loop.
Faraday's Law: It describes the induction of an electric field in a conductor due to changes in the magnetic field.
Electromagnetic Waves: They are self-propagating waves of electric and magnetic fields that travel through space.
"The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature."
"Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles, causing an attraction between particles with opposite charges and repulsion between particles with the same charge."
"Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, two distinct but closely intertwined phenomena."
"These two effects combine to create electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of charged particles, which can accelerate other charged particles via the Lorentz force."
"The electromagnetic force is responsible for many of the chemical and physical phenomena observed in daily life."
"Electric forces also allow different atoms to combine into molecules, including the macromolecules such as proteins that form the basis of life."
"Magnetic interactions between the spin and angular momentum magnetic moments of electrons also play a role in chemical reactivity; such relationships are studied in spin chemistry."
"Electromagnetism also plays a crucial role in modern technology: electrical energy production, transformation and distribution; light, heat, and sound production and detection; fiber optic and wireless communication; sensors; computation; electrolysis; electroplating; and mechanical motors and actuators."
"Electromagnetism has been studied since ancient times."
"Many ancient civilizations, including the Greeks and the Mayans, created wide-ranging theories to explain lightning, static electricity, and the attraction between magnetized pieces of iron ore."
"It wasn't until the late 18th century that scientists began to develop a mathematical basis for understanding the nature of electromagnetic interactions."
"In the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent scientists and mathematicians such as Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday developed namesake laws which helped to explain the formation and interaction of electromagnetic fields."
"This process culminated in the 1860s with the discovery of Maxwell's equations, a set of four partial differential equations which provide a complete description of classical electromagnetic fields."
"Maxwell's equations also predicted the existence of self-sustaining electromagnetic waves. Maxwell postulated that such waves make up visible light, which was later shown to be true."
"In the modern era, scientists have continued to refine the theorem of electromagnetism to take into account the effects of modern physics, including quantum mechanics and relativity."
"The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, particularly the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the 'medium' of propagation (permeability and permittivity), helped inspire Einstein's theory of special relativity in 1905."
"The field of quantum electrodynamics (QED) has modified Maxwell's equations to be consistent with the quantized nature of matter."
"In QED, the electromagnetic field is expressed in terms of discrete particles known as photons, which are also the physical quanta of light."
"Today, there exist many problems in electromagnetism that remain unsolved, such as the existence of magnetic monopoles and the mechanism by which some organisms can sense electric and magnetic fields."