"The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation, and the European Reformation) was a major movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in part posed a challenge to papal authority."
A religious movement that resulted in the split of the Western Church and the birth of Protestantism.
Martin Luther: German theologian who launched the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century by challenging the authority of the Roman Catholic Church.
John Calvin: French theologian who played a significant role in the development of the Protestant Reformation by emphasizing the importance of personal faith over church hierarchy.
English Reformation: The process by which England broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England.
Humanism: A cultural movement during the Renaissance that emphasized the study of classical literature and the values of human beings.
Printing Press: Invention of the printing press revolutionized the way literature was produced and circulated during the Renaissance.
Protestantism: A branch of Christianity that originated from the Reformation, advocating for faith in God and personal interpretation of the scriptures.
Catholic Counter-Reformation: The response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at addressing the criticisms and reforming some of the practices in the church.
Johann Sebastian Bach: A German composer who is regarded as a celebrant of the Lutheran Reformation through his works.
Iconoclasm: The destruction of religious images or other symbols, particularly aimed at the excesses of the Catholic Church leading up to the Reformation.
Scientific Revolution: A period of intellectual inquiry during the Renaissance that resulted in significant breakthroughs in the field of science.
Renaissance Art: Characterized by the revival of classical techniques, use of perspective, and emphasis on humanism, Renaissance art had a lasting impact on modern art and culture.
Early Modern Europe: The period in European history from the 16th century to the end of the 18th century, during which significant social, political, and cultural changes took place in the continent.
William Shakespeare: An English playwright and poet, whose works reflect the tumultuous times of the Renaissance.
Literary Genres: Renaissance produced works in various literary genres, including epic poetry, drama, and satire.
Reformation and Politics: The Reformation had significant political implications, leading to the Thirty Years' War and the creation of nation-states.
Religious Tracts: These were written to spread religious doctrines to the masses. Common subjects included Christian doctrine, theological debates, and issues such as the role of the Pope.
Sermons: Reformation sermons were concerned with the preaching of the Gospel, the teachings of Jesus, and the need for salvation.
Poetry: Renaissance poets wrote about their personal experiences, political and religious events, and romantic love.
Drama: Renaissance drama often featured complex and introspective characters, and explored themes of revenge, politics, and tragedy.
Prose: Renaissance prose works included fictional stories, historical accounts, and essays on morality, politics, and theology.
Pamphlets: These were short, informational pieces that helped to spread ideas and beliefs about religious and political issues.
Chronicles: Chronicles were historical accounts of specific events or periods, often written with a political or social agenda in mind.
Commentaries: These were explanatory works that clarified religious or literary texts, or offered personal interpretations and analysis.
Autobiographies: Renaissance autobiographies often reflected on the author's spiritual journey, and were used as a means of self-examination and reflection.
Epistles: These were personal letters that often dealt with religious or philosophical topics, and were directed towards specific individuals or groups.
"The Reformation marked the start of Protestantism and in the Western Church, the Latin Church, remained the Catholic Church."
"It is considered one of the events that signified the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in Europe."
"Prior to Martin Luther and the other Protestant Reformers, there were earlier reform movements within Western Christianity."
"Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517..."
"...he was not excommunicated by Pope Leo X until January 1521."
"The Diet of Worms of May 1521 condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas."
"Luther survived after being declared an outlaw due to the protection of Elector Frederick the Wise."
"The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular."
"The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers such as Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin arose."
"In general, the Reformers argued that salvation in Christianity was a completed status based on faith in Jesus alone and not a process that could involve good works, as in the Catholic view."
"The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic reforms initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation." Note: Since the given paragraph focuses on providing information, it may not contain direct quotes that explicitly answer all study questions.