"Gender includes the social, psychological, cultural, and behavioral aspects of being a man, woman, or other gender identity."
The socially constructed roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female.
Gender: The social construct of gender and the ways in which it is performed, regulated, and enforced in different societies and cultural contexts.
Sexuality: The ways in which sexual desire, identity, and orientation are constructed and regulated, with a focus on how queer and non-heteronormative identities challenge gender norms.
Feminism: The historical and contemporary struggles for gender equality and women's rights, with an emphasis on the intersections of gender with race, class, sexuality, and other forms of oppression.
Colonialism: The impact of colonialism on gender and sexuality, including its role in the construction of gendered and sexualized hierarchies, the suppression of women's agency and sexuality, and the resistance and transformation of gender norms in postcolonial societies.
Postcolonialism: The critical perspective on the legacy of colonialism and imperialism, and the ways in which it has shaped modern social, political, and economic structures, including those that regulate gender and sexuality.
Intersectionality: The concept that individuals possess multiple and intersecting identities, and that varying forms of oppression are interconnected and cannot be understood in isolation from one another.
Masculinity: The construction and performance of masculinity, including discussions of hegemonic masculinity, toxic masculinity, and the impact of masculinity on gender relations and power dynamics.
Motherhood and Reproduction: The role of motherhood in constructing gender norms and expectations, and the intersection of gender with reproduction, including reproductive rights and technologies.
Transgender and Non-Binary Identity: The construction, experience, and representation of transgender and non-binary identities, and their challenges to binary gender norms.
Language and Discourse: The role of language and discourse in constructing and reinforcing gender norms, including discussions of gendered language, silencing, and the debates surrounding gendered pronouns.
Feminine Gender: This denotes having the characteristics of the female sex. It is often associated with the subjugation and oppression of women in patriarchal societies.
Masculine Gender: This denotes having the characteristics of the male sex. It is often associated with the notions of power, authority, and dominant masculinity that can manifest in problematic ways in postcolonial societies.
Queer Gender: This denotes the existence of sexual orientations and gender identities that differ from the heteronormative standards of society. It is often associated with the marginalization and stigmatization of non-normative identities and sexualities.
Transgender Gender: This denotes individuals who feel that their gender identity does not correspond with their assigned sex at birth. It is often associated with experiences of discrimination, harassment, and violence in postcolonial societies.
Non-Binary Gender: This denotes individuals who identify as neither entirely female nor entirely male or feel that their gender identity is not limited to traditional gender categories. It is often associated with transgressive attitudes towards traditional gender roles.
Intersex Gender: This denotes individuals who are born with physical sex characteristics that do not fit typical male or female classifications. It can present challenges in terms of accessing medical care and achieving a sense of self-identity.
Two-Spirit Gender: This is a term that originated in Native American cultures and refers to individuals who possess both masculine and feminine spirits. It is often linked to a holistic understanding of gender identity that takes into account spiritual and cultural traditions.
Third Gender: This is a term that originated in South Asian cultures and refers to individuals who identify as neither male nor female or as both male or female. It is often associated with societal subjugation and discrimination experienced by individuals who exist beyond traditional gender binaries.
"Most cultures use a gender binary, in which gender is divided into two categories, and people are considered part of one or the other (boys/men and girls/women)"
"Those who are outside these groups may fall under the umbrella term non-binary."
"Some societies have specific genders besides 'man' and 'woman', such as the hijras of South Asia; these are often referred to as third genders."
"Most scholars agree that gender is a central characteristic for social organization."
"In the mid-20th century, a terminological distinction in modern English (known as the sex and gender distinction) between biological sex and gender began to develop."
"Psychology, sexology, and feminism contributed to the development of the sex and gender distinction."
"Feminist theory embraced the concept of a distinction between biological sex and the social construct of gender."
"Most contemporary social scientists in western countries, behavioral scientists and biologists, many legal systems and government bodies, and intergovernmental agencies such as the WHO make a distinction between gender and sex."
"The social sciences have a branch devoted to gender studies."
"Psychology, sociology, sexology, and neuroscience are interested in the subject."
"The social sciences sometimes approach gender as a social construct, and gender studies particularly do."
"Research in the natural sciences investigates whether biological differences in females and males influence the development of gender in humans."
"Biopsychosocial approaches to gender include biological, psychological, and social/cultural aspects."
"Before the mid-20th century, it was uncommon to use the word gender to refer to anything but grammatical categories."
"Most scholars agree that gender is a central characteristic for social organization."
"Some societies have specific genders besides 'man' and 'woman', such as the hijras of South Asia; these are often referred to as third genders."
"Gender includes the social, psychological, cultural, and behavioral aspects of being a man, woman, or other gender identity."
"Psychology, sociology, sexology, and neuroscience are interested in the subject."
"Feminist theory embraced the concept of a distinction between biological sex and the social construct of gender."