"Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how a person's various social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege."
It explores the intersections between disability and other social identities, such as race, gender, sexuality, and class.
Disability Studies: An interdisciplinary field of study that examines disability as a social and cultural phenomenon, and aims to challenge traditional medical and charitable models of disability.
Intersectionality: The recognition that people have multiple identities and experiences (such as gender, race, class, sexuality, etc.) that intersect and affect how they are marginalized in society.
Ableism: Discrimination against people with disabilities, often based on assumptions about their abilities or worth.
Universal Design: Design that is accessible and usable for all people, regardless of ability.
Assistive Technology: Devices and equipment that assist people with disabilities in performing daily activities.
Disability Rights Movement: A civil rights movement that aims to secure equal rights and opportunities for people with disabilities.
Neurodiversity: The recognition that people have diverse neurological abilities and that these differences should be respected and valued.
Inclusive Education: Education that is accessible and welcoming to all students, including those with disabilities.
Disability in Literature: The representation of disability in literature, and how it reflects and shapes cultural attitudes towards disability.
Disability and Employment: The challenges and barriers faced by people with disabilities in accessing employment and the workplace.
Disability and Health: The intersection of disability and health, particularly in terms of access to healthcare and health outcomes.
Disability and Accessibility: The ways in which the built environment and society at large can be made accessible to people with disabilities.
Disability and Identity: The ways in which disability intersects with other identities and experiences to shape personal identity.
Disability and Social Justice: The importance of including disability in discussions of social justice and human rights.
Disability and Media: The representation of disability in the media, and how it reflects and shapes cultural attitudes towards disability.
"Examples of these factors include gender, caste, sex, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, religion, disability, weight, and physical appearance."
"These intersecting and overlapping social identities may be both empowering and oppressing."
"Intersectional feminism aims to separate itself from white feminism by acknowledging women's differing experiences and identities."
"The term intersectionality was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989."
"Intersectionality opposes analytical systems that treat each axis of oppression in isolation."
"In this framework, for instance, discrimination against black women cannot be explained as a simple combination of misogyny and racism, but as something more complicated."
"Intersectionality engages in similar themes as triple oppression, which is the oppression associated with being a poor or immigrant woman of color."
"Criticism includes the framework's tendency to reduce individuals to specific demographic factors, and its use as an ideological tool against other feminist theories."
"Critics have characterized the framework as ambiguous and lacking defined goals."
"As it is based in standpoint theory, critics say the focus on subjective experiences can lead to contradictions and the inability to identify common causes of oppression."
"However, little good-quality quantitative research has been done to support or undermine the theory of intersectionality."
"An analysis of academic articles published through December 2019 found that there are no widely adopted quantitative methods to investigate research questions informed by intersectionality."
"The analysis ... provided recommendations on analytic best practices for future research."
"An analysis of academic articles published through May 2020 found that intersectionality is frequently misunderstood when bridging theory into quantitative methodology."
"In 2022, a quantitative approach to intersectionality was proposed based on information theory, specifically synergistic information."
"In this framing, intersectionality is identified with the information about some outcome (e.g. income, etc.) that can only be learned when multiple identities (e.g. race and sex) are known together."
"Intersectionality is identified with the information about some outcome [...] that can [...] not [be] extractable from analysis of the individual identities considered separately."
"Critics [argue] the inability to identify common causes of oppression."
"Intersectionality broadens the scope of the first and second waves of feminism, [...] to include the different experiences of women of color, poor women, immigrant women, and other groups."