According to the text, world literature refers to the total of the world's national literature and the circulation of works beyond their country of origin. Quote: "World literature is used to refer to the total of the world's national literature and the circulation of works into the wider world beyond their country of origin."
The relationship between globalization and the production, dissemination, and reception of literary texts in different languages and cultures.
Globalization and Its Impact on Literature: This topic explores the ways in which globalization has changed the literary landscape, including the rise of world literature as a concept.
History of World Literature: This topic covers the development of literature across different cultures, including the ancient epics, medieval European literature, and contemporary postcolonial literature.
Literature and Culture: This topic discusses the intersections between literature and culture, including the significance of language, ethnicity, and identity in literary works.
Postcolonialism and World Literature: This topic explores the legacy of colonialism and imperialism in literature, including the rise of postcolonial literature and the representation of marginalized voices.
Translation and World Literature: This topic discusses the challenges and opportunities of translating literature across languages and cultures, including issues of cultural difference and literary influence.
Globalization and Popular Culture: This topic examines how global cultural flows have impacted popular culture, including the globalization of film, music, and television.
Globalization and Economic Inequality: This topic looks at the impact of globalization on the global economy, including the ways in which economic inequality has affected literary production and distribution.
Environmentalism and World Literature: This topic explores the role of literature in addressing environmental issues and promoting sustainability, including the representation of nature in literature.
Gender and World Literature: This topic examines how gender shapes literary representation and how literature can be used to critique gender-based inequalities.
Globalization and Human Rights: This topic looks at how human rights violations have been depicted in literature and how literature can be used as a tool for social justice and activism.
Economic globalization and literature: This type of globalization involves the spread of trade, investment, and interconnectedness between different countries. Literature that explores the effects of economic globalization on societies and cultures is part of this category.
Cultural globalization and literature: This type of globalization involves the spread of cultural practices, values, and beliefs across different regions and countries. Literature that explores the interaction between different cultures and the conflict and harmony that emerges is part of this category.
Political globalization and literature: This type of globalization involves the spread of political institutions, ideas, and practices across different countries. Literature that explores the impact of political globalization on societies and the individual is part of this category.
Language globalization and literature: This type of globalization involves the spread of languages across different countries and cultures. Literature that explores the relationship between language and culture, and the preservation and erosion of languages is part of this category.
Digital globalization and literature: This type of globalization involves the spread of digital technologies and their impact on the production, distribution, and consumption of literature. Literature that explores the effects of digital globalization on reading practices, authorship, and the publishing industry is part of this category.
Comparative literature and globalization: This type of literature involves the study of literature across different cultural, linguistic, and national boundaries. Comparative literature explores the similarities and differences in literary works from different regions and cultures.
Transnational literature: This type of literature involves the writing and publishing of literary works across different nations and regions. Transnational literature explores the movement of ideas and stories across borders and cultures.
In the past, world literature primarily referred to the masterpieces of Western European literature. Quote: "In the past, it primarily referred to the masterpieces of Western European literature."
World literature is increasingly seen in an international context. Quote: "However, world literature today is increasingly seen in an international context."
A work is considered world literature through a double process: being read as literature and circulating beyond its linguistic and cultural point of origin. Quote: "A work enters into world literature by a double process: first, by being read as literature; second, by circulating out into a broader world beyond its linguistic and cultural point of origin."
Venkat Mani believes that the "worlding" of literature is brought about by "information transfer" largely generated by developments in print culture. Quote: "The 'worlding' of literature is brought about by 'information transfer' largely generated by developments in print culture."
Publishers and booksellers who print and sell affordable books play an important role in the making of world literature. Quote: "Publishers and booksellers who print and sell affordable books... play a very important role in the 'making' of world literature."
Literate citizens who acquire books also contribute to the making of world literature. Quote: "Literate citizens who acquire these books [affordable books]... play a very important role in the 'making' of world literature."
Public libraries make books available to those who cannot afford them, thereby playing an essential role in the making of world literature. Quote: "Public libraries that make these books available to those who cannot afford to buy them collectively play a very important role in the 'making' of world literature."
The two processes involved are first, being read as literature, and second, circulating beyond its linguistic and cultural point of origin. Quote: "A work enters into world literature by a double process: first, by being read as literature; second, by circulating out into a broader world beyond its linguistic and cultural point of origin."
The accessibility of global works through various translations expands the concept of world literature beyond earlier Western European focus. Quote: "Now, readers have access to a wide range of global works in various translations."
The term "worlding" of literature implies the process of literature becoming part of the global literary landscape. Quote: None in the given paragraph. (Additional information needed)
According to Venkat Mani, developments in print culture and information transfer contribute to the "worlding" of literature. Quote: "Because of the advent of the library, 'Publishers and booksellers who print and sell affordable books... collectively play a very important role in the 'making' of world literature'."
The definition of world literature has evolved from focusing primarily on Western European literature to encompassing a global perspective. Quote: "In the past, it primarily referred to the masterpieces of Western European literature; however, world literature today is increasingly seen in an international context."
David Damrosch states that a work becomes world literature first by being read as literature and second by circulating beyond its linguistic and cultural origin. Quote: "A work enters into world literature by a double process: first, by being read as literature; second, by circulating out into a broader world beyond its linguistic and cultural point of origin."
Print culture, including affordable books printed and sold by publishers and booksellers, facilitates the spread and availability of literature, contributing to its "worlding." Quote: "Publishers and booksellers who print and sell affordable books... collectively play a very important role in the 'making' of world literature."
Public libraries play an important role by offering access to books for those who cannot afford to buy them, promoting the circulation and availability of literature. Quote: "Public libraries that make these books available to those who cannot afford to buy them collectively play a very important role in the 'making' of world literature."
Readers now have access to a wide range of global works through various translations. Quote: "Now, readers have access to a wide range of global works in various translations."
World literature refers to the literature of all nations and its circulation globally, whereas national literature focuses on the works originating from a specific country. Quote: "World literature is used to refer to the total of the world's national literature and the circulation of works into the wider world beyond their country of origin."
A work becomes world literature through its circulation beyond its country of origin and being recognized as literature by readers. Quote: "A work enters into world literature by a double process: first, by being read as literature; second, by circulating out into a broader world beyond its linguistic and cultural point of origin."
Developments such as the advent of the library, affordable book printing, and wider distribution through publishers and booksellers have contributed to the "worlding" of literature. Quote: "Because of the advent of the library, 'Publishers and booksellers who print and sell affordable books... collectively play a very important role in the 'making' of world literature'."