- "Black feminism, also known as Afro-feminism chiefly outside the United States, is a branch of feminism that centers around black women." - "Black feminism philosophy centers on the idea that 'Black women are inherently valuable, that [Black women's] liberation is a necessity not as an adjunct to somebody else's but because of our need as human persons for autonomy.'"
Examining the unique experiences of African American women and the ways in which their literature has contributed to the feminist movement.
Intersectionality: Intersectionality is an essential concept in Black Feminism that describes the overlapping of various identities such as gender, race, class, sexuality, etc. that impact the experiences and challenges marginalized individuals face in society.
The Black Feminist Tradition: The Black Feminist Tradition is a rich historical background of black women’s leadership, activism, and advocacy for social justice. It includes women like Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, and Angela Davis, to name a few.
The Politics of Respectability: The Politics of Respectability is a major theme in Black Feminism that critiques societal standards of what it means to be respectable, and how that influences black women's experiences of oppression and marginalization.
Patriarchy: Patriarchy refers to a system of social organization that privileges men’s power and oppresses women. Black Feminism focuses on identifying and challenging patriarchy's impact on black women's lives.
Representation of Black Women in Literature and Media: Black Feminism recognizes the absence or misrepresentation of black women figures in literature and media, contributing to stereotypes and harmful portrayals.
Body Politics: Body Politics delves into the politics surrounding black women's bodies, including the policing of hair, the effects of beauty standards, and the politics of reproduction.
Queer Black Feminism: Queer Black Feminism highlights the intersectionality of gender, race, and sexual orientation, focusing on queer black women's experiences in society.
Motherhood and Motherhood's feminization: This topic explores the experience of motherhood and feminization of motherhood in black women's lives. It concerns itself with how the double burden of motherhood and social oppression exacerbates the difficulties black women face.
Beyond Gender Binaries: Beyond Gender Binaries examines the experiences of non-binary people and how they intersect with Black Feminism. This topic highlights the importance of recognizing and fighting against gender-based discrimination faced by non-binary people.
Womanist: This type of Black Feminism was created by Alice Walker and focuses on the experiences and leadership of Black women. It is a Black feminist movement that acknowledges the unique struggles and oppression of Black women and the ways in which sexism, racism, and classism intersect.
Afrocentric: This type of Black Feminism shifts the focus away from traditional Western feminism and instead emphasizes the need for Black feminism to center around African culture and values. It challenges the Eurocentric notions of feminism that ignore the experiences of Black women.
Intersectional: This type of Black Feminism recognizes the ways in which intersecting identities, such as race, gender, and sexuality, impact the experiences and oppression of Black women. It emphasizes the need for an intersectional approach to social justice and acknowledges the diversity of experiences among Black women.
Marxist: This type of Black Feminism focuses on understanding the ways in which capitalism and classism impact the experiences of Black women. It emphasizes the need for a socialist feminist approach that addresses both the economic and social oppression of Black women.
Postmodern: This type of Black Feminism is influenced by postmodern philosophy and critical race theory. It questions the foundational assumptions of traditional feminism and emphasizes the need for a more complex and nuanced understanding of the experiences of Black women.
Feminist Womanism: This type of Black Feminism focuses on the activism and experiences of Black women in the United States. It emphasizes the importance of addressing the unique struggles of Black women in the feminist movement and acknowledges the need for the creation of spaces specifically for Black women.
- "According to Black feminism, race, gender, and class discrimination are all aspects of the same system of hierarchy." - "Due to their inter-dependency, they combine to create something more than experiencing racism and sexism independently."
- "The experience of being a Black woman, then, cannot be grasped in terms of being Black or of being a woman but must be illuminated via intersectionality." - "Intersectionality indicates that each identity—being Black and being female—should be considered both independently and for their interaction effect, in which intersecting identities deepen, reinforce one another, and potentially lead to aggravated forms of inequality."
- "Black feminist lens in the United States was first employed by Black women to make sense of how white supremacy and patriarchy interacted to inform the particular experiences of enslaved Black women." - "Black feminism rose to prominence in the 1960s, as the civil rights movement excluded women from leadership positions, and the mainstream feminist movement largely focused its agenda on issues that predominately impacted middle-class White women."
- "Black activists and intellectuals formed organizations such as the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) and the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)." - "From the 1970s to 1980s, Black feminists formed groups that addressed the role of Black women in Black nationalism, gay liberation, and second-wave feminism."
- "In the 1990s, the Anita Hill controversy brought Black feminism into the mainstream."
- "Black feminist theories reached a wider audience in the 2010s as a result of social-media advocacy."
- "Proponents of Black feminism argue that Black women are positioned within structures of power in fundamentally different ways than White women."
- "In the early 21st century, the tag white feminist gained currency to criticize feminists who avoid issues of intersectionality."
- "bell hooks, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Angela Davis, and Patricia Hill Collins have emerged as leading academics on Black feminism." - "Black celebrities have encouraged mainstream discussion of Black feminism." Note: Due to the length and complexity of the paragraph, it was difficult to find specific quotes answering all 20 questions. However, these quotes provide a comprehensive overview of the paragraph and address the main points.