Quote: "Dialect (from Latin dialectus, dialectos, from the Ancient Greek word διάλεκτος, diálektos 'discourse', from διά, diá 'through' and λέγω, légō 'I speak') refers to two distinctly different types of linguistic relationships."
A variety of a language that is characterized by differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.
Phonemes: The smallest unit of sound in a language, distinguished by its ability to change the meaning of a word.
Allophones: The different ways in which a phoneme can be pronounced in a particular environment.
Phonology: The study of how sounds are organized and used in a language.
Phonetics: The study of the physical properties of speech sounds.
Articulation: The process of producing speech sounds by moving the tongue, lips, and other articulators.
Vowels: Speech sounds produced without any significant obstruction in the vocal tract.
Consonants: Speech sounds produced with some degree of obstruction in the vocal tract.
Voicing: The presence or absence of vocal fold vibration during the production of a sound.
Places of Articulation: The location in the vocal tract where a consonant sound is produced.
Manner of Articulation: The type of obstruction or airflow produced during the production of a consonant sound.
Suprasegmentals: Aspects of speech that extend over multiple sounds, such as stress, intonation, and rhythm.
Dialects: Variations in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary within a particular language.
Accent: A particular way of pronouncing a language that is characteristic of a particular region or social group.
Standard Language: A well-established and widely recognized variety of a language used as a basis for education and communication.
Historical Linguistics: The study of how languages change over time, including the evolution of dialects and accents.
Regional Dialects: These dialects are specific to a particular region or geographical area. For example, the Scottish accent, the Southern drawl in the United States, or the Yorkshire accent in England.
Social Dialects: These dialects are based on social and economic factors. For instance, the difference in accent and vocabulary could be seen between the upper class and working-class people in England.
Ethnic Dialects: These dialects are based on the speech patterns of people belonging to a particular ethnic group. For example, African American Vernacular English (AAVE) in the United States or the Yiddish language in Jewish communities.
Historical Dialects: These dialects are those that have developed over time due to historical factors such as migration, immigration, and colonization.
Professional Dialects: These dialects are developed by professionals in particular fields such as medicine or law, and comprise specialized vocabulary and technical jargon.
Quote: "The more common usage of the term refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers."
Quote: "The dialects or varieties of a particular language are closely related and, despite their differences, are most often largely mutually intelligible, especially if geographically close to one another in a dialect continuum."
Quote: "A dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class or ethnicity."
Quote: "A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect."
Quote: "A dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed an ethnolect."
Quote: "A geographical/regional dialect may be termed a regiolect (alternative terms include 'regionalect', 'geolect', and 'topolect')."
Quote: "Any variety of a given language can be classified as a 'dialect', including any standardized varieties."
Quote: "The other usage, which is specific to colloquial settings in a few countries... carries a pejorative undertone and underlines the politically and socially subordinated status of a non-national language to the country's single official language."
Quote: "In this case, these 'dialects' are not actual dialects in the same sense as in the first usage since they do not derive from one dominant language and are therefore not one of its varieties since they evolved in a separate and parallel way."
Quote: "The particular speech patterns used by an individual are referred to as that person's idiolect."
Quote: "Features that distinguish dialects from each other can be found in lexicon (vocabulary) and grammar, as well as in pronunciation (phonology, including prosody)."
Quote: "In instances where the salient distinctions are only or mostly to be observed in pronunciation, the more specific term accent may be used instead of dialect."
Quote: "Differences that are largely concentrated in lexicon may be classified as creoles."
Quote: "When lexical differences are mostly concentrated in the specialized vocabulary of a profession or other organization, they are jargons."
Quote: "Differences in vocabulary that are deliberately cultivated to exclude outsiders or to serve as shibboleths are known as cryptolects or cant, and include slangs and argots."
Quote: "The particular speech patterns used by an individual are referred to as that person's idiolect."
Quote: "Languages are classified as dialects based on linguistic distance."
Quote: "The dialects of a language with a writing system will operate at different degrees of distance from the standardized written form."
Quote: "Some dialects of a language are not mutually intelligible in spoken form, leading to debate as to whether they are regiolects or separate languages."