"the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning" (Levy, 1997: p. 1)
How technology, such as digital media and language-learning apps, can facilitate or hinder language acquisition and development.
First Language Acquisition: This is the process by which humans acquire their first language. It provides the foundation for understanding how subsequent languages are acquired.
Second Language Acquisition: This is the process by which individuals learn a new, additional language after acquiring their first language.
Linguistics: The study of language and its structures, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
Cognitive Science: This involves the study of the mind and mental processes, including attention, perception, memory, language, and problem-solving.
Psycholinguistics: A subfield of linguistics that focuses on how humans acquire, use, and understand language.
Technology in Language Learning: The use of technology to facilitate learning and acquisition of a new language.
Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing: The development of intelligent computer systems that can process and generate natural human language.
CALL (Computer-Assisted Language Learning): The use of software and digital technology to teach language skills and support language learning.
Corpus Linguistics: The study of language based on large collections of authentic language data collected from different sources.
Cognitive Load Theory: This refers to the amount of mental effort required by the learner to process and retain new information and how this affects language acquisition.
Input and Output: The concepts of input and output refer to the language that learners are exposed to (input) and the language they produce (output).
Acquisition vs. Learning: The distinction between acquiring a language naturally through immersion and learning a language through explicit instruction.
Pedagogy and Language Acquisition: The principles and methods used in teaching a new language, including assessment, feedback, and the use of technology.
Language Testing and Assessment: The evaluation of language skills and proficiency, including the development of tests and assessment criteria.
Culture and Language: The relationship between language and culture, including cultural competency and intercultural communication skills.
Computer-Assisted language learning (CALL): It is a method of teaching and learning foreign languages using digital technologies. CALL uses various software programs, web applications, and other technological tools to facilitate learning.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): It is a subfield of Artificial Intelligence and linguistics that deals with the interaction between computers and human languages. NLP focuses on building algorithms and tools that help machines understand and process natural language.
Speech Recognition: It is a technology that enables machines to recognize human speech and convert it into text or commands. Speech recognition is widely used in various applications like virtual assistants, mobile devices, and call centers.
Text-To-Speech (TTS): It is a technology that converts written text into spoken words. TTS is used in applications like audiobooks, language learning, and accessibility features for visually impaired people.
Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT): It is a software application that helps translators to improve their productivity and quality of work by automating certain translation tasks. CAT tools usually include features like translation memory, terminology management, and machine translation.
Adaptive Learning: It is a type of educational technology that uses data analytics and machine learning algorithms to create personalized learning experiences for individual learners. Adaptive learning systems can adjust the content, difficulty level, and pace of instruction to match the learner's needs.
Educational Gaming: It is a type of game-based learning that uses digital games to promote language acquisition. Educational games can be designed to teach vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and other language skills in a fun and engaging way.
Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL): It is a type of language learning that involves the use of mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. MALL offers learners the flexibility to learn anytime, anywhere, and provides opportunities for personalized and collaborative learning experiences.
Virtual Reality (VR): It is an immersive technology that can simulate real or fictional environments and experiences. VR can be used in language learning to create immersive environments that allow learners to practice and improve their language skills in realistic and engaging scenarios.
Augmented Reality (AR): It is a technology that overlays digital content onto the user's real-world environment. AR can be used in language learning to provide contextualized information, visualizations, and interactive activities that enhance language comprehension and production.
"a wide range of information and communications technology applications and approaches to teaching and learning foreign languages"
"traditional drill-and-practice programs that characterised CALL in the 1960s and 1970s"
"use in a virtual learning environment and Web-based distance learning"
"use of corpora and concordancers, interactive whiteboards, computer-mediated communication (CMC), language learning in virtual worlds, and mobile-assisted language learning (MALL)"
"it appeared to imply a teacher-centered instructional approach"
"in the early 1980s"
"technology-enhanced language learning (TELL)"
"interactive learning and individualized learning"
"facilitate the language learning process, reinforce what has already been learned, or help learners who require additional support"
"principles of language pedagogy and methodology derived from different learning theories" (e.g., behaviorist, cognitive, constructivist) and Stephen Krashen's monitor hypothesis for second-language learning
"a combination of face-to-face teaching and CALL"
"to increase learning potential"
"more commonly found than pure CALL"
"Davies et al. (2011: Section 1.1, What is CALL?)" and "Levy & Hubbard (2005)"
"Levy & Hubbard (2005)"
"a project at the University of Hull"
"putting a strong emphasis on student-centered materials that allow learners to work on their own"
"reinforcing what has already been learned in the classroom or helping learners who require additional support"
"the language learning process"