"Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign."
The study of the sounds used in language and the rules governing their use, including the basic sounds of human language (phonemes) and the patterns of their combination (phonology).
Articulatory phonetics: The study of the physical mechanisms involved in producing speech sounds.
Acoustic phonetics: The study of the physical properties of speech sounds, including sound waves, frequency, and amplitude.
Auditory phonetics: The study of the perception of speech sounds by the human ear and brain.
Phonological features: The distinctive characteristics or attributes that differentiate one speech sound from another.
Phonemics: The study of the sound patterns and distinctions in a particular language or group of languages.
Morphophonemics: The study of the interaction between morphological and phonological processes in language.
Syllables: The basic units of speech, consisting of one or more sounds that are pronounced as a single unit.
Phonotactics: The rules that govern the allowed combinations of sounds in a particular language.
Prosody: The study of the intonation, stress, and rhythm of speech.
Historical linguistics: The study of how languages change over time.
Sociolinguistics: The study of language use in social contexts, including issues of dialect and accent variation.
Psycholinguistics: The study of how people acquire, understand, and produce language.
Computational linguistics: The use of computer algorithms and tools to analyze and process natural language data.
Second language acquisition: The study of how people learn a second language.
Language processing: The study of how the brain processes and understands language.
Articulatory Phonetics: Studies the production of speech sounds and focuses on how the articulators, such as the tongue, lips, and vocal cords move to produce different sounds.
Acoustic Phonetics: Studies the physical properties of sound waves produced by speech sounds, such as frequency, amplitude, and duration.
Auditory Phonetics: Studies the perception of speech sounds by the human ear and brain.
Computational Phonetics: Applies computational techniques to analyze and model speech sounds and their properties.
Historical Phonetics: Studies the change of speech sounds over time and how they relate to language evolution.
Comparative Phonetics: Compares speech sounds across different languages to identify similarities and differences in their production and perception.
Neurolinguistics: Studies how speech sounds are processed in the brain and how this influences language comprehension and production.
Sociolinguistics: Studies how phonetic variation occurs in different social contexts and how this relates to social identities and attitudes.
Clinical Phonetics: Focuses on speech disorders, such as stuttering, and how they affect speech sound production.
Forensic Phonetics: Applies phonetic analysis to legal cases, such as voice identification and speaker profiling.
"The field of phonetics is traditionally divided into three sub-disciplines based on the research questions involved such as how humans plan and execute movements to produce speech (articulatory phonetics), how various movements affect the properties of the resulting sound (acoustic phonetics), or how humans convert sound waves to linguistic information (auditory phonetics)."
"The phoneme is an abstract categorization of phones, and it is also defined as the smallest unit that discerns meaning between sounds in any given language."
"Languages with oral-aural modalities such as English produce speech orally (using the mouth) and perceive speech aurally (using the ears). Sign languages, such as Australian Sign Language (Auslan) and American Sign Language (ASL), have a manual-visual modality, producing speech manually (using the hands) and perceiving speech visually (using the eyes)."
"Language production consists of several interdependent processes which transform a non-linguistic message into a spoken or signed linguistic signal. After identifying a message to be linguistically encoded, a speaker must select the individual words—known as lexical items—to represent that message in a process called lexical selection."
"During phonological encoding, the mental representation of the words is assigned their phonological content as a sequence of phonemes to be produced."
"These phonemes are then coordinated into a sequence of muscle commands that can be sent to the muscles, and when these commands are executed properly the intended sounds are produced."
"The modification is done by the articulators, with different places and manners of articulation producing different acoustic results. For example, the words tack and sack both begin with alveolar sounds in English, but differ in how far the tongue is from the alveolar ridge."
"The most common airstream mechanism is pulmonic—using the lungs—but the glottis and tongue can also be used to produce airstreams."
"Language perception is the process by which a linguistic signal is decoded and understood by a listener."
"In order to perceive speech, the continuous acoustic signal must be converted into discrete linguistic units such as phonemes, morphemes, and words."
"Listeners prioritize certain aspects of the signal that can reliably distinguish between linguistic categories."
"While certain cues are prioritized over others, many aspects of the signal can contribute to perception. For example, though oral languages prioritize acoustic information, the McGurk effect shows that visual information is used to distinguish ambiguous information when the acoustic cues are unreliable." Quotes were not provided for questions 11-13 as they do not have specific quotes associated with them.