According to the paragraph, "Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values."
The systematic errors in thinking that can affect decision making, including confirmation bias, anchoring bias, and availability bias.
Recognition of cognitive biases: The first step in understanding cognitive biases is to be able to recognize them. This topic covers the different types of cognitive biases and their characteristics.
Anchoring bias: This bias refers to the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information that is presented when making decisions, even if it is irrelevant or inaccurate.
Confirmation bias: This bias refers to the tendency to seek out information that confirms our pre-existing beliefs and to ignore information that goes against them.
Hindsight bias: This bias refers to the tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that we knew it was going to happen all along.
Availability heuristic: This bias refers to the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events that are easily remembered, such as those that have recently occurred or that have had a strong emotional impact.
Self-serving bias: This bias refers to the tendency to attribute our successes to our own abilities and to attribute our failures to external factors.
Sunk cost fallacy: This bias refers to the tendency to continue investing resources in a project, even when it is clear that the project is failing, because we have already invested a lot of time or money into it.
Framing effect: This bias refers to the way in which information is presented can significantly affect our perceptions and decisions.
Overconfidence bias: This bias refers to the tendency to overestimate our own abilities and to underestimate the likelihood of negative events occurring.
Groupthink: This bias refers to the tendency for group members to reach a consensus decision, even if it is not the best decision, because they value conformity and consensus over critical thinking.
Halo effect: This bias refers to the tendency to form a positive opinion of a person or product based on a single positive trait or characteristic.
Negativity bias: This bias refers to the tendency to focus more on negative events and information than positive ones.
Cognitive dissonance: This bias refers to the mental discomfort that arises from holding two conflicting beliefs or attitudes.
Endowment effect: This bias refers to the tendency to place a higher value on something that we own or possess, even if it is of little practical value.
Decision paralysis: This bias refers to the tendency to become overwhelmed by the number of options available when making a decision, leading to indecisiveness or avoidance.
Loss aversion: This bias refers to the tendency to feel the pain of a loss more deeply than the pleasure of a gain, leading us to avoid risks and cling to what we have.
Emotional reasoning: This bias refers to the tendency to make decisions based on emotions rather than reason or evidence.
Attribution bias: This bias refers to the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to their personality or character rather than to their circumstances or context.
False consensus effect: This bias refers to the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.
Just-world bias: This bias refers to the tendency to believe that the world is fair and that people get what they deserve, even when evidence suggests otherwise.
Confirmation Bias: The tendency to seek out evidence that supports our existing beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them.
Anchoring Bias: The tendency to give disproportionate weight to the first piece of information we receive when making a decision.
Availability Bias: The tendency to rely too heavily on easily accessible information, rather than taking a broader view of the situation.
Hindsight Bias: The tendency to believe after an event has occurred, that one would have predicted or expected the outcome in advance.
Overconfidence Bias: The tendency to overestimate one’s own knowledge or ability to predict future events.
Bandwagon Effect: The tendency to follow the actions or beliefs of others without considering one’s own opinion.
Halo Effect: The tendency to make unwarranted judgments about an individual based on their appearance or a single trait.
Self-Serving Bias: The tendency to take credit for our successes and attribute failures to external factors.
Sunk Cost Fallacy: The tendency to just hold on to a losing investment that is otherwise no longer be rational to continue further.
Recency Bias: The tendency to give more weight to recent events while overlooking earlier yet equally important ones.
"Confirmation bias produces systematic errors in scientific research based on inductive reasoning (the gradual accumulation of supportive evidence)."
"The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, for emotionally charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs."
"Confirmation bias cannot be eliminated, but it can be managed, for example, by education and training in critical thinking skills."
"These biases contribute to overconfidence in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence."
"Attitude polarization (when a disagreement becomes more extreme even though the different parties are exposed to the same evidence)."
"Belief perseverance (when beliefs persist after the evidence for them is shown to be false)."
"The irrational primacy effect (a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series)."
"Illusory correlation (when people falsely perceive an association between two events or situations)."
"A series of psychological experiments in the 1960s suggested that people are biased toward confirming their existing beliefs."
"Later work re-interpreted these results as a tendency to test ideas in a one-sided way, focusing on one possibility and ignoring alternatives."
"Explanations for the observed biases include wishful thinking and the limited human capacity to process information."
"Flawed decisions due to confirmation bias have been found in a wide range of political, organizational, financial, and scientific contexts."
"Confirmation bias produces systematic errors in scientific research based on inductive reasoning (the gradual accumulation of supportive evidence)."
"A police detective may identify a suspect early in an investigation, but then may only seek confirming rather than disconfirming evidence."
"A medical practitioner may prematurely focus on a particular disorder early in a diagnostic session and then seek only confirming evidence."
"In social media, confirmation bias is amplified by the use of filter bubbles, or 'algorithmic editing,' which display to individuals only information they are likely to agree with, while excluding opposing views."
"Confirmation bias cannot be eliminated, but it can be managed, for example, by education and training in critical thinking skills."
"These biases contribute to overconfidence in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence."
"People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information, or when they interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing attitudes."