"A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a brain–machine interface (BMI) or smartbrain, is a direct communication pathway between the brain's electrical activity and an external device, most commonly a computer or robotic limb."
Study of how to create devices that allow individuals to control external devices, such as prostheses or computers, using their brain activity.
Neuroscience: The study of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells.
Electrophysiology: The study of electrical properties of biological cells and tissues, including the analysis of electrical activity in the brain.
Medical Device Technology: The design and development of biomedical devices used to diagnose and treat human conditions, including BCI devices.
Signal Processing: The analysis, modification, and interpretation of signals, including those generated by the brain using BCI devices.
Machine Learning: The development of algorithms and statistical models used to analyze data and make decisions, including the use of BCI data for predictive analytics.
Robotics: The design and development of robots, including the use of BCI technology to control robotic devices.
Human-Computer Interaction: The study of the interaction between humans and computers, including the use of BCI technology for human-computer communication.
Psychology: The study of the human mind and behavior, including the analysis of cognitive and emotional responses observed with BCI technology.
Neural Networks: The development of computational models that simulate neural activity in the brain, including the use of BCI data to further refine these models.
Neuroprosthetics: The development of prosthetic devices that interface directly with the nervous system, including the use of BCI technology for prosthetic control.
Computer Science: The study of algorithms, programming languages, and computer hardware, including the development of BCI technology and associated software.
Neuroscience Applications: The practical application of neuroscience research, including the development of therapies for neurological disorders using BCI technology.
Ethics and Social Implications: The study of ethical considerations and societal implications related to the use of BCI technology, including privacy, security, and the allocation of resources.
Invasive: These BCIs require surgery to implant electrodes or sensors directly on the brain's surface or within the brain tissue. They offer the most accurate and precise motor control, but the risks and costs associated with the surgical procedure are high.
Non-invasive: These BCIs do not require any surgery and use external sensors to detect brain activity. Examples include Electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Non-invasive BCIs are less accurate than invasive ones, but they are safer and less expensive.
Electrocorticography (ECoG): This is a type of invasive BCI that involves placing a grid of electrodes directly on the surface of the brain. ECoG offers high spatial and temporal resolution compared to other types of BCIs.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): This type of non-invasive BCI involves applying a magnetic field to the scalp which induces electrical currents in the brain. It is used to excite or inhibit specific regions of the cortex.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): This is a non-invasive BCI that uses a low-level direct current to stimulate specific regions of the brain. It is used to modulate cortical excitability.
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS): This type of non-invasive BCI uses near-infrared light to measure changes in blood flow and oxygenation in the brain. It is used to detect changes in brain activity during motor tasks.
Implantable Neuroprosthetics: These BCIs involve implanting a device that interfaces with the brain tissue to control prosthetic limbs, exoskeletons, or other assistive devices.
Neural Dust: These are tiny sensors powered by ultrasonic waves that are implanted in the brain tissue. They can communicate wirelessly with external devices and are being explored as a potential new type of invasive BCI.
Brainwave sensing headbands and wearables: These BCIs use non-invasive sensors placed on the scalp to detect brainwaves associated with specific motor commands, such as moving a mouse or keyboard. They are being used to develop consumer-grade BCIs that can be used for gaming, productivity, and lifestyle applications.
"They are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions."
"BCIs are often conceptualized as a human–machine interface that skips the intermediary component of the physical movement of body parts."
"Implementations of BCIs range from non-invasive (EEG, MEG, MRI) and partially invasive (ECoG and endovascular) to invasive (microelectrode array), based on how close electrodes get to brain tissue."
"Research on BCIs began in the 1970s by Jacques Vidal at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) under a grant from the National Science Foundation."
"Vidal's 1973 paper marks the first appearance of the expression brain–computer interface in scientific literature."
"Due to the cortical plasticity of the brain, signals from implanted prostheses can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels."
"The first neuroprosthetic devices implanted in humans appeared in the mid-1990s."
"Recently, studies in human-computer interaction via the application of machine learning to statistical temporal features extracted from the frontal lobe (EEG brainwave) data has had high levels of success."
"Studies have had high levels of success in classifying mental states (Relaxed, Neutral, Concentrating) using statistical temporal features extracted from the frontal lobe (EEG brainwave) data."
"Brain-computer interfaces have been successful in classifying mental emotional states (Negative, Neutral, Positive) using statistical temporal features extracted from the frontal lobe (EEG brainwave) data."
"Thalamocortical dysrhythmia is a phenomenon that has been studied in the context of human-computer interaction using EEG brainwave data."
"A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a brain–machine interface (BMI) or smartbrain, is a direct communication pathway between the brain's electrical activity and an external device, most commonly a computer or robotic limb."
"Non-invasive BCIs (EEG, MEG, MRI) allow for communication without the need for invasive procedures or surgery."
"Due to the cortical plasticity of the brain, signals from implanted prostheses can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels."
"Implementations of BCIs range from non-invasive (EEG, MEG, MRI) and partially invasive (ECoG and endovascular) to invasive (microelectrode array), based on how close electrodes get to brain tissue."
"BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions."
"Research on BCIs began in the 1970s by Jacques Vidal at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) under a grant from the National Science Foundation, followed by a contract from DARPA."
"Recently, studies in human-computer interaction via the application of machine learning to statistical temporal features extracted from the frontal lobe (EEG brainwave) data has had high levels of success."
"Vidal's 1973 paper marks the first appearance of the expression brain–computer interface in scientific literature."