The practice of denying loans, insurance policies, and other financial services to individuals and communities based on their race or ethnicity has had a lasting impact on urban development and inequality.
Racial Segregation: Refers to the practice of segregating people by race in housing, employment, education, and other areas of public life.
Housing Discrimination: Refers to the practice of denying housing or rental opportunities based on race, ethnicity, or any other discriminatory factors.
Federal Housing Administration (FHA): Was established in 1934 and is an agency of the United States government responsible for the administration of federal home loan programs.
Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC): Was established in 1933 and was a government program designed to help homeowners who could not afford their mortgage payments.
Redlining: Refers to the practice of denying financial services, such as loans or insurance, to people based on their race or ethnicity, particularly in urban areas.
Restrictive Covenants: Were legal agreements that prohibited the sale or rental of certain properties to individuals based on their race, ethnicity, or religion.
Racial Steering: Refers to the practice of real estate agents or property owners steering prospective buyers or renters towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race or ethnicity.
White Flight: Refers to the process in which white residents migrate from urban areas to suburban areas, resulting in the segregation of neighborhoods and the concentration of poverty in urban areas.
Urban Renewal: Refers to the process of revitalizing blighted urban areas and promoting economic and social development.
Gentrification: Refers to the process in which wealthier residents move into urban neighborhoods, resulting in the displacement of lower income residents and the transformation of the neighborhood's character.
Residential redlining: This involves banks and other financial institutions refusing to provide mortgages or other types of loans to people living in certain neighborhoods deemed high-risk or undesirable. Typically, these are low-income areas populated by minorities.
Environmental redlining: This type of redlining refers to environmental policies that disproportionately affect low-income communities and communities of color, such as siting hazardous waste facilities or polluting industries in these areas.
Insurance redlining: Insurance companies deny coverage or charge inflated premiums to people in specific neighborhoods based on the perceived level of risk. Typically, these neighborhoods have high poverty rates and large minority populations.
Employment and job training redlining: Some employers and training programs may unfairly target or exclude individuals based on their race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.
Education redlining: This occurs when schools are not adequately funded or staffed in low-income areas, leading to subpar education for these communities.