"During the Renaissance, great advances occurred in geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, manufacturing, anatomy, and engineering."
Development of science and technology during the Renaissance period in European history.
Humanism: This philosophical movement stressed the importance of individualism, classical learning and rationalism, and contributed to the development of new scientific methods.
Copernican Revolution: The revolutionary idea that the Earth revolved around the Sun, as opposed to the geocentric model of the universe held by scholars for centuries.
Galileo Galilei: Italian astronomer, physicist, and philosopher who played a key role in shaping scientific thought during the Renaissance.
Newtonian Mechanics: The laws of physics put forth by Sir Isaac Newton, which fundamentally transformed the scientific understanding of the natural world.
Leonardo da Vinci: An artist, scientist, and inventor who exemplified the interdisciplinary thinking that was central to the Renaissance.
Johannes Kepler: A German astronomer and mathematician who played a key role in advancing the Copernican model and helped lay the foundations of modern astronomy.
William Harvey: An English physician who proposed a groundbreaking theory of circulation of blood, transforming medical knowledge.
Scientific Method: The process of systematic observation, measurement, and experimentation that became central to scientific inquiry during the Renaissance.
Printing Press: Johannes Gutenberg's invention that revolutionized the dissemination of information and contributed to the spread of scientific ideas.
Barometer: The invention of Evangelista Torricelli, the barometer revolutionized meteorology and allowed scientists to measure atmospheric pressure.
Microscope: The invention of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the microscope allowed scientists to explore the microscopic world and discover the existence of microorganisms.
Telescope: The invention of Galileo Galilei, the telescope allowed for the observation of celestial objects and contributed to advances in astronomy.
Alchemy: A medieval precursor to modern chemistry that sought to transform materials and transmute base metals into gold.
Scientific Revolution: A period of radical transformation in scientific thinking, beginning in the 16th century and continuing through the 18th century, that saw the emergence of modern scientific methods and discoveries.
Industrial Revolution: A period of rapid industrialization and technological progress that began in the 18th century, marking the transition from an agrarian to an industrial economy, and greatly impacting the world of Science and Technology.
Astronomy: The study of celestial objects and their movements.
Anatomy: The study of the structure and function of living organisms.
Cartography: The art and science of creating maps.
Chemistry: The study of matter and its properties.
Navigation: The art and science of controlling and directing the movement of a ship or aircraft.
Printing: The process of reproducing text and images using mechanical or electronic means.
Physics: The study of matter, energy, and the interactions between them.
Medicine: The science and art of diagnosing, preventing, and treating disease.
Mathematics: The study of numbers, quantities, and shapes, and their relationships and operations.
Optics: The study of light and its properties, including its interactions with matter.
Architecture: The art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other structures.
Engineering: The application of mathematics, science, and technology to design and build machines, structures, and systems.
Geology: The study of the earth's physical structure, processes, and history.
Zoology: The study of animals and their behavior, physiology, and classification.
Botany: The study of plants and their structure, physiology, and relationships.
Mechanics: The study of the motion and behavior of physical objects under the influence of forces.
Metallurgy: The study of metals and their properties, including the extraction, refinement, and use of metals by humans.
Alchemy: The precursor to modern chemistry, focused on the transmutation of matter, especially the transformation of base metals into gold.
Philosophy: The study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
Music Theory: The study of the theoretical foundations of music, including the principles of harmony, melody, and rhythm.
"The collection of ancient scientific texts began in earnest at the start of the 15th century."
"The invention of printing allowed a faster propagation of new ideas."
"Historians like George Sarton and Lynn Thorndike criticized how the Renaissance affected science, arguing that progress was slowed for some amount of time."
"Humanists favored human-centered subjects like politics and history over the study of natural philosophy or applied mathematics."
"Scholars have acknowledged the positive influence of the Renaissance on mathematics and science, pointing to factors like the rediscovery of lost or obscure texts and the increased emphasis on the study of language and the correct reading of texts."
"Marie Boas Hall coined the term Scientific Renaissance to designate the early phase of the Scientific Revolution, 1450–1630."
"Peter Dear has argued for a two-phase model of early modern science: a Scientific Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries focused on the restoration of the natural knowledge of the ancients; and a Scientific Revolution of the 17th century when scientists shifted from recovery to innovation."
"Some have seen the Renaissance, at least in its initial period, as one of scientific backwardness. Historians like George Sarton and Lynn Thorndike criticized how the Renaissance affected science, arguing that progress was slowed for some amount of time."
"The collection of ancient scientific texts began in earnest at the start of the 15th century and continued up to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453."
"The invention of printing allowed a faster propagation of new ideas."
"Humanists favored human-centered subjects like politics and history over the study of natural philosophy or applied mathematics."
"More recently, scholars have acknowledged the positive influence of the Renaissance on mathematics and science."
"Scholars point to factors like the rediscovery of lost or obscure texts and the increased emphasis on the study of language and the correct reading of texts."
"Marie Boas Hall coined the term Scientific Renaissance."
"The Scientific Renaissance occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries."
"The Scientific Renaissance focused on the restoration of the natural knowledge of the ancients."
"The Scientific Revolution took place in the 17th century."
"Scientists shifted from recovery to innovation during the Scientific Revolution."
"The Scientific Renaissance lasted from 1450 to 1630."