The study of the period after the end of the Cold War in 1991.
Globalization: The process of international integration resulting from the exchange of products, ideas, and information.
Terrorism: The use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.
Rise of China: The emergence of China as a major global economic and political power.
Middle East conflicts: Ongoing conflicts and political unrest in the Middle East, including the Iraq War, Arab Spring, and Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Nuclear proliferation: The spread of nuclear weapons and nuclear technology to countries that do not already have them.
Climate change: The long-term change in the Earth's climate, primarily due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
Human rights: The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, including the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
International organizations: The various organizations that coordinate international cooperation on economic, political, and social issues, such as the United Nations and World Trade Organization.
Information age: The period of rapid technological advancement resulting in greater access to information and communication.
Cybersecurity: The protection of computer systems and networks from theft, damage, or unauthorized access.
Unipolarity: This is a type of international system where the United States is considered the sole superpower, with no other significant challenger.
Multipolarity: This is a type of international system where there are multiple great powers, each of which has a significant influence in global affairs.
Bipolarity: This is a type of international system where two great powers, such as the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, dominate global affairs.
Regionalism: This is a type of international system where different countries come together to form a regional organization, such as the European Union, to jointly address common issues and challenges.
Globalization: This is a type of international system where there is increasing interconnectedness between countries in terms of trade, culture, and political relationships.
Transnationalism: This is a type of international system where there are cross-border linkages between individuals and groups, such as multinational corporations or transnational social movements.
International Integration: This is a type of international system where countries cooperate extensively in areas such as trade, finance, and security, leading to a blurring of national boundaries and the emergence of a global community.
Non-state actors: This is a type of international system where non-state actors such as NGOs, civil society organizations, and international private actors play an increasing role in global affairs, often challenging the traditional power structures of nation-states.