"Early modern Europe, also referred to as the post-medieval period, is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century."
This subfield focuses on the period between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Europe.
Renaissance: A period of cultural, artistic, and intellectual rebirth in Europe from the 14th to 17th century.
Reformation: A major movement in Western Christianity that resulted in the schism within the Catholic Church and the rise of Protestantism.
Scientific Revolution: A period of scientific discovery and advancement that took place in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century, which saw the development of modern science.
Enlightenment: An intellectual movement in Europe in the 18th century that emphasized reason, liberty, and progress as the key ideas for human society.
Absolutism and Constitutionalism: Two distinct political systems that emerged in Europe in the early modern period, differing in the extent of power wielded by the monarch.
Wars of Religion: A series of religiously motivated conflicts in Europe from the 16th to 17th century, including the Thirty Years War, French Wars of Religion and English Civil Wars.
Expansion of European Empires: The expansion of European empires during the early modern period, involving colonization and exploitation of non-European territories and people.
Thirty Years War: A devastating conflict in Europe between 1618 and 1648 that involved many of the major powers of the continent and left the Holy Roman Empire weakened.
Industrial Revolution: A period of economic growth and technological innovation in Europe from the 18th to the 19th century, which marked the beginning of the modern era.
Scientific Inquiry: Intellectual breakthroughs that allowed for advancements and better understanding of technology during the early modern period.
Classical Art: Describes the period of art that drew inspiration from classical antiquity, which was prominent during the Renaissance.
Exploration and Encounters: Travel, colonialism, and impact on other cultures during early modern age.
Social Structures: A study of class structures and social norms that governed the early modern period.
Northern European Renaissance: The emergence of the northern European Renaissance during the 15th and 16th centuries.
Baroque Art and Architecture: A style of European art and architecture that developed in the late 16th and early 17th century, characterized by ornate, dynamic, and dramatic forms.
The Black Death: A major pandemic that swept through Europe during the 14th century.
Ethnos and Identity: The study of ethnicity, identity, and nationalism during the early modern period.
Ottoman Empire: The rise of the Ottoman Empire, its expansion and the role it played in Europe.
Economic Revolution: A period of economic growth and innovation in the early modern period.
Exploration and Discovery: Discoveries in geography, resulting in the discovery of the New World and other regions during the early modern period.
Renaissance Europe: A cultural and artistic movement that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe, characterized by a renewed interest in classical learning and humanism.
Reformation Europe: A period of religious and social upheaval in the 16th century that transformed the Catholic Church and led to the creation of Protestantism.
Baroque Europe: A period of artistic style and architecture that emerged in the 17th century, characterized by ornate decorations, drama, and grandeur.
Enlightenment Europe: A philosophical movement that emerged in the 18th century, emphasizing reason, empirical evidence, and individualism.
Scientific Revolution Europe: A period of scientific discovery and advancement in the 16th and 17th centuries that transformed our understanding of the natural world.
Colonial Europe: A period of expansion and colonization by European powers in Africa, Asia, and the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries.
Industrial Revolution Europe: A period of economic and technological transformation in the 18th and 19th centuries that led to the growth of manufacturing and mechanization.
Napoleonic Europe: An era of political and military dominance by French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte from 1799 to 1815.
Romantic Europe: A cultural and artistic movement that emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, characterized by a focus on emotion, individualism, and nature.
Nationalist Europe: A period of intense nationalism and political movements in the 19th century, leading to the creation of new nation-states such as Italy and Germany.
"Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of movable type printing in the 1450s, the Fall of Constantinople and end of the Hundred Years’ War in 1453, the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1485, the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s, the end of the Reconquista and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492, or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517."
"The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century England."
"Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked (including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War), the rise of capitalism and modern nation-states, widespread witch hunts, and European colonization of the Americas."
"Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with [...] the Fall of Constantinople and end of the Hundred Years’ War in 1453."
"Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of movable type printing in the 1450s."
"Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked (including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War)."
"Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period [...] subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492."
"Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked."
"The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with [...] the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517."
"Early modern Europe, also referred to as the post-medieval period [...]."
"Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included [...] European colonization of the Americas."
"The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with the start of the French Revolution in 1789."
"Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with [...] the Fall of Constantinople and end of the Hundred Years’ War in 1453."
"Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included [....] widespread witch hunts."
"Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the [...] rise of capitalism and modern nation-states."
"Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with [...] the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1485."
"Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with [...] the end of the Reconquista and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492."
"Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with [...] the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s."
"The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century England."