"Manorialism, also known as seigneurialism, the manor system or manorial system, was the method of land ownership (or 'tenure') in parts of Europe, notably France and later England, during the Middle Ages."
The system of economic and social relations between lords and peasants in medieval Europe, based on the control of land and labour.
Feudalism: A hierarchical social system in medieval Europe where lords and their vassals owe each other social and political obligations.
Serfdom: The condition of peasants in medieval Europe who were bound to the land and had limited rights.
Manor: The large estate owned by a lord that was the center of the feudal economy.
Lord: The owner of a manor who had control over the serfs and other landowners.
Vassal: A person who pledged loyalty to a lord in exchange for land or protection.
Fief: Land given to a vassal by a lord in exchange for loyalty.
Knight: A trained warrior who served a lord in exchange for land or protection.
Chivalry: The code of conduct followed by knights that emphasized bravery, loyalty, and honor.
Church and Christianity: Religion played a significant role in medieval Europe, and the Church provided many services and support to the feudal system.
Manor House: The residence of the lord of the manor.
Agriculture: Agriculture was the primary economic activity in feudal Europe, and the lord of the manor owned most of the land for farming.
Guilds: Associations of artisans and merchants that controlled the economy in many towns.
Towns and Cities: Towns and cities were important economic centers in medieval Europe, and many of them were granted charters by the lords.
Crusades: A series of military expeditions to the Holy Land by Christians in medieval Europe.
Black Death: A pandemic that killed millions of people in medieval Europe, and had significant social and economic consequences.
Seigneurial manorialism: This type of manorialism was prevalent in France and refers to the system where a lord or seigneur held power over his manors and exploited the surpluses from them.
English manorialism: A system that developed in England during the Middle Ages, where the lords held some degree of control over the land and the people living on it.
Germanic manorialism: A system that developed in Germany, where the feudal lords had control over their land and its inhabitants, punishing them for crimes and forcing them to work on the land.
Italian manorialism: A system where the lords wielded considerable power over their territory, with the lordship deriving from a grant from the Emperor or the Pope.
Eastern European manorialism: A system where the aristocracy held power over large areas of land, and the peasants worked on them, paying rent or tribute.
Scandinavian manorialism: A system where the aristocracy held power over their lands and depended on the peasants' labor. However, these peasants had more autonomy and rights than in other manorial systems.
Iberian manorialism: A system where the aristocracy held power over their lands, and the peasants had to provide labor and rent. This system remained in place even after the Medieval period ended.
"Its defining features included a large, sometimes fortified manor house in which the lord of the manor and his dependants lived and administered a rural estate, and a population of labourers who worked the surrounding land to support themselves and the lord."
"These labourers fulfilled their obligations with labour time or in-kind produce at first, and later by cash payment as commercial activity increased."
"Manorialism was part of the feudal system."
"Manorialism originated in the Roman villa system of the Late Roman Empire."
"Manorialism was widely practiced in medieval western Europe and parts of central Europe."
"In examining the origins of the monastic cloister, Walter Horn found that 'as a manorial entity the Carolingian monastery... differed little from the fabric of a feudal estate.'"
"Manorialism faded away slowly and piecemeal, along with its most vivid feature in the landscape, the open field system."
"Manorialism outlasted serfdom in the sense that it continued with freehold labourers."
"According to Andrew Jones, [manorialism] could maintain a warrior, but it could equally well maintain a capitalist landlord. It could be self-sufficient, yield produce for the market, or it could yield a money rent."
"The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the French Revolution."
"In parts of eastern Germany, the Rittergut manors of Junkers remained until World War II."
"Manorialism was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based market economy and new forms of agrarian contract."
"The corporate community of men for whose sustenance this organization was maintained consisted of monks who served God in chant and spent much of their time in reading and writing."
"It could maintain a warrior, but it could equally well maintain a capitalist landlord."
"The lord of the manor and his dependants lived and administered a rural estate."
"These labourers fulfilled their obligations with labour time or in-kind produce at first."
"A large, sometimes fortified manor house in which the lord of the manor and his dependants lived and administered a rural estate."
"Manorialism had a significant presence in medieval western Europe and parts of central Europe."
"It outlasted serfdom in the sense that it continued with freehold labourers. As an economic system, it outlasted feudalism."