The mass migration of people from rural areas to cities that occurred during the Industrial Revolution, which led to the growth of urban areas, the creation of slums, and social problems.
Industrial Revolution: The period of time from approximately 1760 to 1840 when significant changes occurred in manufacturing and transportation, leading to urbanization.
Urbanization: The process of people moving from rural areas to cities, resulting in the growth of urban areas.
Agriculture: The farming practices of the time, including the enclosure movement, which pushed people off the land and into the cities.
Transportation: The improvements in transportation, including the invention of the steam engine, which made it easier for people to move from rural areas to cities.
Infrastructure: The systems that support urban living, including public transportation, water and sanitation systems, and communication networks.
Social changes: The changes in social structure and culture brought about by urbanization, including changes in family structure, religion, and entertainment.
Factory system: The development of the factory system, in which work was centralized in large factories, leading to the growth of industrial cities.
Labor conditions: The working conditions of urban workers, including long hours, low pay, and dangerous working conditions.
Housing: The development of tenement housing, which provided low-cost housing for urban workers but was often overcrowded and unsanitary.
Immigration: The influx of immigrants to urban areas, providing a large pool of labor but also leading to social and economic tensions.
Child labor: The use of children in factories and other industries, which was a common practice during the Industrial Revolution.
Law and order: The challenges of maintaining law and order in rapidly growing urban areas.
Environmental challenges: The challenges posed by urbanization to the environment, including pollution and loss of natural habitats.
Economic growth: The economic benefits of urbanization, including increased production and trade, and the development of new industries.
Industrial urbanization: This type of urbanization occurred during the Industrial Revolution as people moved from rural areas to towns and cities in order to work in new factories and industries.
Commercial urbanization: This type of urbanization is characterized by the growth of trade and commerce in cities, as new economic opportunities arise.
Administrative urbanization: This type of urbanization is focused on the growth of administrative and governmental institutions in urban areas, as cities become administrative and political centers.
Cultural urbanization: This type of urbanization is related to urban areas becoming centers of cultural exchange, with growth of art, entertainment, and intellectual discourse.
Residential urbanization: This type of urbanization occurred as urban areas expanded to accommodate a growing population, leading to the development of new residential homes and neighborhoods.