"The Renaissance is a period in history and a cultural movement marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity, covering the 15th and 16th centuries..."
A period of cultural, artistic, and scientific rebirth in Europe from the 14th to 17th centuries that emphasized the individual and human potential.
The Italian Renaissance: The cultural and intellectual movement that began in Italy in the 14th century, marking the transition from the medieval period to the modern era.
Humanism: A cultural and intellectual movement that emphasized the study of classical literature and promoted the idea that human beings have the potential to achieve greatness.
Renaissance art: The visual arts produced during the Renaissance, characterized by realism, perspective, and the use of classical forms and themes.
Literature and the Renaissance: Renaissance literature was marked by a resurgence of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, and writings focused more on individualism and the human experience.
Inventions and innovations of the Renaissance: The Renaissance was marked by numerous technological and scientific advancements, such as the printing press, the telescope, and the microscope.
The Protestant Reformation: The religious movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of numerous Protestant denominations.
The Tudor Dynasty: The line of English monarchs that ruled from 1485 to 1603, including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, during a period of significant cultural and intellectual growth in England.
The Medici family: A wealthy and influential Italian family that played a significant role in the cultural and intellectual advancements of the Italian Renaissance.
The Scientific Revolution: The period of scientific advancements in the 16th and 17th centuries, characterized by the work of scientists such as Galileo and Newton.
Exploration and colonization: The period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas, Africa, and Asia, during which European powers established colonies and expanded their empires.
The Ottoman Empire: A powerful Muslim empire that spanned from the 14th to the early 20th century and played a significant role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of Europe and Asia.
The Age of Enlightenment: A period of intellectual and cultural growth in the 18th century, characterized by the spread of rationalism, skepticism, and scientific thought.
The Thirty Years' War: A European conflict that lasted from 1618 to 1648, resulting in significant political and religious changes across Europe.
The Counter-Reformation: The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation that sought to reform the church's practices, beliefs, and hierarchy.
Italian Renaissance: This was a cultural and intellectual movement that took place in Italy during the 14th to 17th centuries. It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and philosophy.
Northern Renaissance: This was a cultural, intellectual, and artistic movement that took place in Northern Europe during the 15th to 16th centuries. It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical art, humanistic scholarship, and Christian spirituality.
English Renaissance: This was a cultural and intellectual movement that took place in England during the 16th century. It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical literature, humanistic scholarship, and the arts.
Scottish Renaissance: This was a cultural and intellectual movement that took place in Scotland during the 20th century. It was characterized by a renewed interest in Scottish literature, history, and culture.
Harlem Renaissance: This was a cultural movement that took place in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s and 1930s. It was characterized by a flowering of African American art, literature, and music.
Islamic Renaissance: This was a cultural and intellectual movement that took place in the Islamic world during the 8th to the 13th centuries. It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman knowledge and the promotion of science, philosophy, and the arts.
Indian Renaissance: This was a cultural and intellectual movement that took place in India during the 19th century. It was characterized by a renewed interest in Indian history, philosophy, and culture, and the promotion of social, political, and religious reforms.
Buddhist Renaissance: This was a cultural and intellectual movement that took place in Asia during the 19th and 20th centuries. It was characterized by a renewed interest in Buddhist philosophy, meditation, and art.
"...characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas and achievements of classical antiquity; it occurred after the crisis of the Late Middle Ages and was associated with great social change in most fields and disciplines, including art, architecture, politics, literature, exploration and science."
"In addition to the standard periodization, proponents of a 'long Renaissance' may put its beginning in the 14th century and its end in the 17th century."
"The traditional view focuses more on the early modern aspects of the Renaissance and argues that it was a break from the past, but many historians today focus more on its medieval aspects and argue that it was an extension of the Middle Ages."
"The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its version of humanism, derived from the concept of Roman humanitas and the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy..."
"...the development of perspective in oil painting and the revived knowledge of how to make concrete."
"The Renaissance began in Florence, one of the many states of Italy."
"...its political structure, the patronage of its dominant family, the Medici, and the migration of Greek scholars and their texts to Italy following the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks."
"Other major centers were Venice, Genoa, Milan, Rome during the Renaissance Papacy, and Naples."
"From Italy, the Renaissance spread throughout Europe... and also to American, African and Asian territories ruled by the European colonial powers of the time or where Christian missionaries were active."
"The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations, there has been much debate among historians..."
"The term rinascita ('rebirth') first appeared in Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists (c. 1550), anglicized as the Renaissance in the 1830s."
"The word has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance (8th and 9th centuries), Ottonian Renaissance (10th and 11th century), and the Renaissance of the 12th century."
"The Renaissance encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources..."
"In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy..."
"...and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning."
"...best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term 'Renaissance man'."
"Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the revived knowledge of how to make concrete."
"...the Renaissance has close similarities to both, especially the late and early sub-periods of either."
"...and gradual but widespread educational reform."