"Colonialism is a practice by which a country controls people or areas, often by establishing colonies, generally for strategic and economic advancement."
The establishment and maintenance of colonies by one country in another territory for economic and political gain.
The Age of Exploration: The period of European exploration and conquest of new territories in the 15th-17th centuries, which led to the expansion of colonial empires.
Mercantilism: The economic theory that drove European colonialism, which emphasized the importance of trade and wealth accumulation through control of resources and trade routes.
Triangular Trade: The transatlantic trade network that linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving the exchange of slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods.
Atlantic Slave Trade: The forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas as part of the triangular trade, which fueled the growth of the plantation economy and contributed to racial oppression and inequality.
European Settlements: The establishment of permanent European colonies in the Americas, Asia, and Africa, including their political, social, and cultural impacts on the colonized peoples.
Indigenous Peoples: The diverse Indigenous societies that were impacted by European colonialism, including their resistance and adaptation strategies.
Christianity: The spread of Christianity by European colonizers, with the establishment of missions, conversion efforts, and the imposition of Christian beliefs on Indigenous peoples.
Colonial Administrations: The structures and practices of colonial rule, including the use of violence, taxation, and cultural assimilation to maintain control over the colonized peoples.
Race and Racism: The development and reproduction of racial hierarchies in colonial societies, including the role of scientific racism and the creation of racialized categories.
Decolonization: The process of gaining independence and self-rule by former colonies in the 20th century, including the challenges and opportunities of building post-colonial societies.
Exploration Colonialism: This type of colonialism involved explorers from the European nation-states who travelled abroad to discover new lands and establish trade practices with the native people.
Plantation Colonialism: This type of colonialism involved the establishment of large-scale agricultural estates, primarily for the export of cash crops like sugar, coffee, tobacco, and cotton.
Settler Colonialism: This type of colonialism involved European migrants permanently settling in foreign lands and establishing colonies with their own governance, social norms, and culture.
Mercantilist Colonialism: This type involved the use of overseas territories as sources of raw materials, minerals and precious metals, which served as essential fuel for the European Industrial Revolution.
Exploitation Colonialism: This type involved the extraction of naturally occurring resources from colonies by foreign powers without any regard for social, political, or economic development for the people of the colonies.
Religious Colonialism: This type involved the imposition of a certain religion or religious sect on the native people through political, economic and cultural force.
Political Colonialism: This type involved foreign powers exerting direct political rule over foreign territories, particularly for strategic or military reasons.
Neo-Colonialism: This is a recent form of colonialism wherein developed countries exert covert economic and political control over underdeveloped countries with their aid packages, trade agreements and other such tactics.
"Colonialism is etymologically rooted in the Latin word 'Colonus', which was used to describe tenant farmers in the Roman Empire."
"Colonialism has existed since ancient times."
"The concept is most strongly associated with the European and Japanese empires."
"Starting in the 15th century and extending to the mid-1900s."
"At first, conquest followed policies of mercantilism, aiming to strengthen the home-country economy."
"Agreements usually restricted the colony to trading only with the metropole (mother country)."
"By the mid-19th century."
"Missionaries were active in practically all of the European-controlled colonies because the metropoles were Christian."
"Historian Philip Hoffman calculated that by 1800, before the Industrial Revolution, Europeans already controlled at least 35% of the globe."
"By 1914, they had gained control of 84% of the globe."
"Colonial powers retreated between 1945 and 1975; over which time nearly all colonies gained independence, entering into changed colonial, so-called postcolonial and neocolonialist relations."
"The coloni sharecroppers started as tenants of landlords, but the system evolved so they were permanently indebted to the landowner and were trapped in servitude."
"The system evolved so they were permanently indebted to the landowner and were trapped in servitude."
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