"existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity (c. 600 AD)"
The study of the scientific and technological advances made in the Classical period, including developments in mathematics, astronomy, and engineering.
Astronomy: The study of celestial objects such as stars, planets, and galaxies.
Physics: The study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces that govern the universe.
Mathematics: The language of science and technology, used to describe and model natural phenomena.
Engineering: The application of scientific and mathematical principles to design and build machines, structures, and systems.
Chemistry: The study of the properties, composition, and behavior of matter.
Medicine: The study and application of medical knowledge to diagnose and treat disease and injuries.
Biology: The study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment.
Geology: The study of the earth's physical structure, processes, and history.
Botany: The study of plants and their interactions with the environment.
Zoology: The study of animals and their interactions with the environment.
Technology: The collection of tools, techniques, and processes used to create and improve products and services.
Philosophy of Science: The study of the nature of scientific inquiry and the scientific method.
Natural Philosophy: The precursor to modern physics, dealing with the study of the natural world.
Alchemy: The precursor to modern chemistry, a mystical and ancient attempt to explore the secrets of nature.
The Scientific Method: The systematic approach to observation, hypothesis testing, and scientific inquiry that underpins modern science.
Mathematics: The study of number, quantity, and space, including algebra, geometry, and calculus.
Astronomy: The study of celestial objects such as planets, stars, and galaxies.
Physics: The study of matter and energy and their interactions.
Chemistry: The study of the structure, composition, and properties of matter.
Biology: The study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment.
Geology: The study of the Earth's structure, composition, and history.
Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
Philosophy: The study of fundamental questions about existence, reality, and knowledge.
Engineering: The application of scientific principles to design and build structures, machines, and systems.
Medicine: The study of the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.
Agriculture: The study of crops and livestock and the methods for their cultivation and management.
Architecture: The art and science of designing and constructing buildings.
Navigation: The science of planning and controlling the movement of ships and aircraft.
Optics: The study of light and its interactions with matter.
Metallurgy: The science of metals, their extraction, refinement, and shaping.
Music: The art and science of creating and performing tonal compositions.
Ethics: The study of moral values and principles.
Logic: The study of reasoning and argumentation.
Linguistics: The study of language and its structure.
Anthropology: The study of human societies and cultures.
"a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories."
"Alexander the Great [...] unified only once, for 13 years, under Alexander the Great's empire from 336 to 323 BC."
"The era of classical antiquity was immediately followed by the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine period."
"Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC"
"The Archaic period and the colonization... The age of Classical Greece."
"The Greco-Persian Wars."
"The conquests of Alexander the Great spread Hellenistic civilization from the western Mediterranean to Central Asia."
"The conquest of the eastern Mediterranean world by the Roman Republic, and the annexation of the Roman province of Macedonia in Roman Greece, and later the province of Achaea during the Roman Empire."
"Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on ancient Rome."
"For this reason, Classical Greece is generally considered the cradle of Western civilization."
"the seminal culture from which the modern West derives many of its founding archetypes and ideas in politics, philosophy, science, and art."
"Greek urban poleis began to form."
"the colonization of the Mediterranean Basin."
"the 5th to 4th centuries BC."
"ancient Rome carried a version of it throughout the Mediterranean and much of Europe."
"The Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire."
"the modern West derives many of its founding archetypes and ideas in politics, philosophy, science, and art."
"immediately following the era of classical antiquity."
"officially unified only once, for 13 years, under Alexander the Great's empire from 336 to 323 BC." Note: Please keep in mind that the provided quotes are paraphrased sections of the paragraph rather than exact quotes.