The political climate of the romantic period, including the impact of the French Revolution, the rise of democracy, and the struggle for individual rights and freedoms.
Romanticism: A cultural movement that started in Europe in the late 18th century and emphasized individualism, emotion, and imagination.
Industrial Revolution: A period of rapid industrialization and urbanization that began in the late 18th century and transformed social, economic, and political structures.
Liberalism: A political philosophy that emphasizes individual freedom, natural rights, and limited government intervention in society and economy.
Conservatism: A political philosophy that emphasizes preserving traditional values, institutions, and social hierarchies.
Nationalism: A political and cultural movement that emphasizes the importance of national identity, sovereignty, and independence.
International Relations: The study of the interactions between states, international organizations, and other actors in the global system.
Democracy: A political system in which citizens have a voice in governance through free and fair elections, civil liberties, and institutional checks and balances.
Authoritarianism: A political system in which power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a small elite who exercise control over society and suppress dissent.
Revolution: A violent or nonviolent overthrow of an existing political system or regime.
Colonialism: The policy of establishing and maintaining colonies in foreign territories by a more powerful country or empire.
Imperialism: The practice of extending a country's power and influence through military, economic, or cultural means over other countries or territories.
Marxism: A political and economic theory that emphasizes the struggle between the working class and the capitalist class and advocates for the collective ownership of means of production.
Feminism: A social and political movement that advocates for gender equality and challenges patriarchy, sexism, and gender-based discrimination.
Environmentalism: A movement that advocates for the protection of the natural environment and resources from exploitation and degradation.
Conservatism: This political philosophy emphasized tradition, hierarchy, and the importance of established institutions. Conservatives supported the existing social order and opposed revolutionary change.
Liberalism: Liberalism emphasized individual liberty, constitutional sovereignty, and free markets. Its advocates sought to limit the power of government and promote individual rights and freedoms.
Nationalism: This ideological movement emphasized the importance of the nation-state, cultural identity, and autonomy. Nationalists believed that each nation had a unique historical and cultural character, which needed to be preserved and celebrated.
Socialism: Socialism is a political and economic system that emphasizes collective ownership and control of the means of production. Socialists sought to create a more egalitarian society by redistributing wealth and power.
Republicanism: Republicanism is a political philosophy that emphasizes the importance of civic virtue and the common good. Republicans believe in the rule of law, democratic institutions, and the active participation of citizens in politics.
Anarchism: Anarchism is a political philosophy that rejects all forms of government and authority. Anarchists believe in voluntary cooperation and mutual aid, rather than coercion or force.
Romanticism: Romanticism was a cultural movement that emphasized emotion, imagination, and individualism. It celebrated the power of nature and the human spirit, rejecting the strict rationalism and materialism of the Enlightenment.