This conflict was also known as the Arrow War, fought between China and a coalition of Western Powers including Britain, France, and the United States. The conflict emerged due to disputes over foreign trading rights, hostilities towards Christian missionaries, and a diplomatic incident where Chinese officials detained a British ship. The Western Powers inflicted a series of military defeats on China and forced them to sign the Second Treaty of Tianjin in 1860, which opened more Chinese ports to trade and allowed Western intervention in China's domestic affairs.