"The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period..."
The Enlightenment period marked considerable progress in science, with scholars focusing on new discoveries, such as the heliocentric theory, calculus, and the laws of motion. The scientific method was also developed during this era.
Scientific Revolution: The period of historical development that led to the emergence of modern science and scientific methods, characterized by a shift from a reliance on Aristotelian-style philosophy to empirical evidence.
Natural philosophy: The study of the natural world that was practiced before the modern scientific process.
Scientific method: A systematic method of inquiry that involves observing, questioning, forming a hypothesis, experimenting, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.
Epistemology: The study of knowledge and belief, including the nature and limits of knowledge, skepticism, and the ways in which knowledge is acquired.
Empiricism: A theory of knowledge that emphasizes the role of experience, observation, and evidence in forming beliefs and creating knowledge.
Logical positivism: A philosophical movement that sought to ground scientific knowledge in logical and empirical foundations.
Rationalism: A theory of knowledge that holds that some knowledge can be acquired through reasoning alone, independent of experience.
Ethics: The study of moral principles and values that guide human behavior, particularly in relation to science.
Social institutions: The formal and informal structures in society that influence the practice and dissemination of scientific knowledge.
History of science: The study of the progress and evolution of scientific ideas and discoveries throughout human history.
Philosophy of science: The study of the foundations, methods, and implications of science, including its epistemology, logic, and ethics.
Science politics and policy: The analysis of the role of science and technology in shaping public policy, including issues relating to governance, funding, and regulation.
Education and outreach: The study of methods for communicating scientific information to the public, including curriculum design, pedagogy, and public engagement.
Scientific literacy: The ability to understand and interpret scientific knowledge, and to apply it to everyday situations and decision-making.
Physics: The study of matter and energy, including motion and forces.
Chemistry: The study of substances, their properties, compositions, and reactions.
Astronomy: The study of celestial objects and phenomena, including stars, galaxies, and planets.
Geology: The study of the structure, composition, and processes of the earth.
Biology: The study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.
Botany: The study of plants.
Zoology: The study of animals.
Physiology: The study of bodily functions and processes.
Anatomy: The study of the structure of organisms.
Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and causes of diseases in human populations.
Anthropology: The study of humans, including their biological and cultural evolution.
Sociology: The study of social behavior and institutions.
Psychology: The study of mental processes and behavior.
Linguistics: The study of language and its structure.
Mathematics: The study of numbers, quantities, and shapes.
Computer science: The study of computation and information processing.
Environmental science: The study of the environment and its interactions with living organisms.
Neuroscience: The study of the nervous system and its functions.
Genetics: The study of heredity and the variation of inherited traits.
Biochemistry: The study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms.
"...developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature."
"The Scientific Revolution took place in Europe in the second half of the Renaissance period..."
"...the 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus publication De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) often cited as its beginning."
"The era of the Scientific Renaissance focused, to some degree, on recovering the knowledge of the ancients..."
"[The era of the Scientific Renaissance]...is considered to have culminated in Isaac Newton's 1687 publication Principia..."
"...formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, thereby completing the synthesis of a new cosmology."
"The subsequent Age of Enlightenment saw the concept of a scientific revolution emerge in the 18th-century work of Jean Sylvain Bailly..."
"Jean Sylvain Bailly...described a two-stage process of sweeping away the old and establishing the new."
"There continues to be scholarly engagement regarding the boundaries of the Scientific Revolution and its chronology."