The scientific theories and discoveries that emerged during the Enlightenment, including the work of Isaac Newton and Blaise Pascal.
Rationalism: The belief that reason and logic are the primary sources of knowledge.
Empiricism: The belief that knowledge is derived from sensory experiences and observation.
Scientific Method: The systematic approach to scientific inquiry, including experimentation, observation, and hypothesis testing.
Natural Philosophy: The study of the natural world, including physics, astronomy, and chemistry.
Social Contract Theory: The idea that individuals agree to live by rules and laws in exchange for protection and security.
Evolutionary Theory: The idea that species change over time through natural selection.
Deism: A belief in a supreme being who created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs.
Enlightenment Ethics: The pursuit of moral principles based on reason and impartiality, including individual rights and liberty.
Enlightenment Politics: The concept of democracy, the separation of powers, and the establishment of civil liberties.
Enlightenment Literature: Expression and discussion of Enlightenment ideas in literature and other art forms.
Enlightenment Economics: The rise of capitalism and the importance of free markets in economic growth.
Enlightenment Education: A focus on critical thinking, reason, and knowledge acquisition.
Enlightenment Religion: Criticism of dogmatic religious beliefs and a shift towards a more personal relationship with God.
Enlightenment Philosophy: The examination of traditional philosophical concepts and the development of new ideas.
Scientific Revolution: The period of time in which new scientific discoveries were made, including the discoveries that the Earth revolves around the sun and that the human body is made up of cells.
Natural philosophy: A broad term used to describe the study of the natural world including physics, chemistry, biology, and geology.
Physics: The study of the natural laws that govern the behavior of matter and energy.
Chemistry: The study of the composition, properties, and behavior of matter.
Astronomy: The study of the celestial bodies and their movements.
Botany: The study of plants and their growth, reproduction, and structure.
Zoology: The study of animals and their behavior, physiology, and anatomy.
Anatomy: The study of the structure, function, and systems of the human body.
Geology: The study of the Earth's physical structure, including its rock formations, earthquakes, and volcanoes.
Mathematics: The study of numbers, quantities, and shapes through calculation and measurement.
Medicine: The practice and study of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness and disease.
Physiology: The study of how organisms function and how their body systems work together.
Ethics: The study of moral principles and values.
Psychology: The study of the human mind and behavior.
Political science: The study of politics, government, and power.
Economics: The study of the allocation, distribution, and production of goods and services.