"The period of Polish Enlightenment began in the 1730s–40s [...] and ended in 1822, replaced by Romanticism."
The political theories and movements that emerged during the Enlightenment, including democracy, republicanism, and constitutionalism.
The Enlightenment: This is the era in Europe during the 18th century marked by an intense focus on reason and individualism, and a rejection of tradition and authority.
Social Contract Theory: This is a political theory that states that people's moral and/or political obligations result from a contract or agreement between them and their government or society.
Natural Rights: These are rights that are thought to be inherent in every human being, independent of any government or society.
Liberalism: This is a political ideology that emphasizes individual freedom, equality, democracy, and free markets.
Republicanism: This is a political philosophy that advocates for a system of government in which power is held by the people or their elected representatives, rather than by a monarch or authoritarian figure.
Rationalism: This is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the use of reason to arrive at knowledge, rather than relying on tradition, authority, or empirical evidence.
Empiricism: This is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and observation in the acquisition of knowledge.
Secularism: This is the belief that political and social institutions should be separate from religious institutions and influence.
Humanism: This is a worldview or philosophy that emphasizes human values, concerns and abilities, and the individual, rather than supernatural or divine forces.
Democracy: A system of government where power is held by the people or their elected representatives.
Voltaire: A French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity, especially the Catholic Church, and his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state.
Montesquieu: A French political philosopher, writer, and lawyer who advocated for the separation of power in government, including government into executive, legislative and judicial branches.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: A French philosopher and writer who contributed significantly to the Enlightenment through his works advocating for direct democracy and social contract theory.
Adam Smith: A Scottish philosopher and economist who famously wrote the Wealth of Nations, a book advocating for free-market capitalism.
Diderot: A French philosopher, writer, and editor who was famous for co-founding the Encyclopédie, an influential publication on Enlightenment thought.
Enlightened absolutism: A system of government in which an absolute monarch would rule according to Enlightenment principles.
Deism: A philosophical and religious belief system that holds that God is the creator of the universe but does not intervene in the affairs of human beings.
Reason: The ability to use logical thinking and evidence to come to a conclusion.
Individualism: The belief that the individual has rights and interests separate from those of society and the state.
Freedom of Speech: The right to express oneself without censorship or restraint.
Classical Liberalism: This political philosophy advocates for individual freedoms, limited government intervention in the economy, and the protection of private property rights.
Conservatism: This political philosophy emphasizes reverence for traditions and institutions, and is often associated with support for monarchy, aristocracy, and the established church.
Social Contract Theory: This theory argues that individuals willingly give up some of their freedoms to the government in exchange for protection of their remaining rights.
Republicanism: This political philosophy promotes the idea that the sovereignty of the state rests with the people, and advocates for a system of government that balances the interests of different social classes.
Utilitarianism: This ethical theory focuses on maximizing the overall happiness and well-being of individuals in society, and is often used to justify policies that prioritize the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Feminism: This movement advocates for the equal rights and opportunities of women, and seeks to challenge the gender-based discrimination that was prevalent during the Enlightenment era.
Nationalism: This political philosophy emphasizes the importance of national identity and unity, and emphasizes the need for a strong centralized government to protect and promote the interests of the nation.
"The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe, as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker, and szlachta (nobility) culture (Sarmatism) together with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Golden Liberty) were in deep crisis."
"The period of Polish Enlightenment [...] peaked in the reign of Poland's king, Stanisław August Poniatowski (second half of the 18th century)."
"The period of Polish Enlightenment [...] went into decline with the Third Partition of Poland (1795)."
"The Third Partition of Poland (1795) – a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing."
"[Polish Enlightenment] ended in 1822, replaced by Romanticism."
"The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe, as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker."
"Szlachta (nobility) culture (Sarmatism) together with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Golden Liberty) were in deep crisis."
"[Polish Enlightenment] peaked in the reign of Poland's king, Stanisław August Poniatowski."
"The Third Partition of Poland (1795) – a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing."
"[Polish Enlightenment] ended in 1822, replaced by Romanticism."
"The period of Polish Enlightenment [...] went into decline with the Third Partition of Poland (1795)."
"The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe, as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker."
"[Polish Enlightenment] together with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Golden Liberty) were in deep crisis."
"Szlachta (nobility) culture (Sarmatism) together with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Golden Liberty) were in deep crisis."
"The period of Polish Enlightenment [...] peaked in the reign of Poland's king, Stanisław August Poniatowski."
"[Polish Enlightenment] ended in 1822, replaced by Romanticism."
"The Third Partition of Poland (1795) – a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing."
"The Third Partition of Poland (1795) – a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing."
"[Polish Enlightenment] ended in 1822, replaced by Romanticism."