"The Age of Enlightenment or the Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe, especially Western Europe, in the 17th and 18th centuries, with global influences and effects."
The study of the 18th-century movement which stressed reason, science, and individualism.
The Age of Enlightenment: The historical period marked by the rise of reason, rationality, and scientific understanding in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Philosophers of the Enlightenment: A study of the major philosophical thinkers of the era, including Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Locke.
Scientific Revolution: The significant advancements made in scientific knowledge and understanding during the 17th century, including the work of Galileo, Newton, and Bacon.
Political Thought: The political theories developed during Enlightenment period, including the principles of democracy, individual freedom, and human rights.
European Society in the Enlightenment: A study of the political, social, and economic conditions that led to the rise of the Enlightenment.
Religious Disputes: The conflicts and debates regarding religion and religious institutions during the Enlightenment period, including the challenges faced by the Catholic Church.
Enlightenment and Globalization: The influence of the Enlightenment on the expansion of trade, colonization, and imperialism.
Art and Literature of the Enlightenment: A study of the cultural production of the Enlightenment, including the works of artists and writers such as Voltaire, Goethe, and Mozart.
Gender, Race, and Enlightenment: The role played by women and people of color in the Enlightenment, including their contributions to science, philosophy, and literature.
Legacy of the Enlightenment: A look at how the ideas and principles of the Enlightenment have influenced modern culture and politics, including the emergence of human rights, secularism, and liberal democracy.
French Enlightenment: The French Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a cultural and intellectual movement in 18th-century France that challenged traditional beliefs and values. It emphasized rationality, science, and individual liberty.
Scottish Enlightenment: The Scottish Enlightenment was an intellectual and cultural movement in 18th-century Scotland that emphasized reason, science, and social progress. It was characterized by a focus on empirical observation and common sense, and it produced influential philosophers such as David Hume and Adam Smith.
German Enlightenment: The German Enlightenment was a cultural and intellectual movement in 18th-century Germany that emphasized reason and science, but also emphasized the role of emotion and aesthetic experience in human life. It produced influential thinkers such as Immanuel Kant and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
Italian Enlightenment: The Italian Enlightenment was a cultural and intellectual movement in 18th-century Italy that emphasized reason and science, as well as a renewed interest in classical culture and literature. It produced influential philosophers such as Cesare Beccaria and Giambattista Vico.
English Enlightenment: The English Enlightenment was a cultural and intellectual movement in 18th-century England that emphasized science, empirical observation, and individual liberty. It produced influential thinkers such as John Locke and Isaac Newton.
American Enlightenment: The American Enlightenment was a cultural and intellectual movement in the American colonies in the late 18th century that emphasized scientific inquiry, individual liberty, and self-governance. It played a key role in the American Revolution and produced influential thinkers such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson.
Jewish Enlightenment: The Jewish Enlightenment, also known as Haskalah, was a cultural and intellectual movement among Jewish communities in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. It sought to reconcile traditional Jewish beliefs with the ideas of reason, science, and modernity, and to promote education and social progress among Jews.
"The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on the value of human happiness, the pursuit of knowledge obtained by means of reason and the evidence of the senses, and ideals such as natural law, liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state."
"A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism, socialism, and neoclassicism, trace their intellectual heritage to the Enlightenment."
"The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Catholic Church and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries."
"Philosophers and scientists of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffeehouses, and in printed books, journals, and pamphlets."
"The Enlightenment was preceded by the Scientific Revolution and the work of Francis Bacon and John Locke, among others."
"European historians traditionally date its beginning with the death of Louis XIV of France in 1715 and its end with the 1789 outbreak of the French Revolution."
"Many historians now date the end of the Enlightenment as the start of the 19th century, with the latest proposed year being the death of Immanuel Kant in 1804."
"The central doctrines of the Enlightenment were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to an absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Church."
"The concepts of utility and sociability were also crucial in the dissemination of information that would better society as a whole."
"The Enlightenment was marked by an increasing awareness of the relationship between the mind and the everyday media of the world."
"The Enlightenment was marked by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy."
"Some date the beginning of the Enlightenment to the publication of René Descartes' Discourse on the Method in 1637, featuring his famous dictum, Cogito, ergo sum ('I think, therefore I am')."
"Others cite the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica (1687) as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution and the beginning of the Enlightenment."
"An attitude captured by Kant's essay Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment, where the phrase Sapere aude (Dare to know) can be found."
"The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Catholic Church and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries."
"Ideals such as natural law, liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state."
"The concepts of utility and sociability were also crucial in the dissemination of information that would better society as a whole."
"Philosophers and scientists of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffeehouses, and in printed books, journals, and pamphlets."
"A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism, socialism, and neoclassicism, trace their intellectual heritage to the Enlightenment."