"Urbanization (or urbanisation) is the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change."
Focusing on the patterns, drivers and effects of migration from rural to urban areas within a country.
Definition of urban-rural migration: This topic involves understanding the meaning and causes of people's movements from rural areas to urban areas.
Types of urban-rural migration: It explores different forms of migration that occur between urban and rural areas, including permanent and temporary migration, seasonal migration, and commuter migration.
The impact of urbanization on rural areas: This topic involves examining the effects of urbanization on rural communities, including changes in land use, resources, and social structures.
Economic factors: This topic covers factors such as job opportunities, income differences, and economic growth or decline in either urban or rural areas.
Social factors: It explores personal and social reasons for migrating such as the desire for a better standard of living, education or cultural experiences.
Demographic factors: This topic examines population dynamics, including birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns in both urban and rural areas.
Environmental factors: This topic covers environmental push factors such as natural disasters and pull factors such as the availability of resources or a healthier climate.
Policy interventions: It examines different policies adopted by governments to address urban-rural migration patterns, including regional development policies, land reform programs, or urban upgrading programs.
Cultural and identity issues: This topic discusses the impact of migration on the cultural identity and sense of belonging of individuals who move between different areas.
Social integration policy: It examines policies adopted towards ensuring new migrants can integrate with their new communities in either their rural or urban destination.
Gender perspectives: This topic focuses on how both male and female migration contribute to urban-rural migration patterns differently, and the influence of gender inequality in these movements.
Infrastructure and services: This topic examines the availability and quality of public services and infrastructure, including healthcare, sanitation, energy, and transport as a motivating factor for migration.
Objectives of migration: This topic focuses on what people aim to achieve by migrating between urban and rural areas, and the costs involved.
Comparative analyses of urban-rural migration: This topic covers research methods in comparing patterns of migration between urban and rural areas in different countries and the lessons learned.
Demographic studies: This type of migration study focuses on the age, gender, family size and composition, and ethnicity of migrants. It also investigates the factors that motivate them to migrate.
Economic studies: These Studies focus on the economic factors that contribute to urban-rural migration such as employment opportunities, wages, and job security in urban versus rural areas.
Social studies: These studies examine the social factors that drive people to migrate, which include things like social networks, cultural identity, and perceived social status.
Environmental studies: These Migration studies examine natural disasters (like flooding, drought) and human-made environmental factors (like pollution) and how they influence urban-rural migration.
Political Studies: This type of migration study examines the role of political factors such as policies on urbanization, industrialization, and infrastructure development in influencing migration.
Transportation Studies: These are migration studies that focus on infrastructure and transportation options in urban and rural areas, what effect they have on the mobility of people between the two areas.
Rural-Urban Linkages Studies: This type of migration study investigates the relationship between urban and rural areas, and how these areas are interdependent in terms of labor, goods, and services.
Psychological studies: These are migration studies that focus on migrants' psychological experience, such as adjustment to a new environment or coping strategies to deal with discrimination or cultural differences.
Historical studies: This is a Migration study that focuses on historical aspects such as case studies of urban-rural migration over time, and what drives them at different times. It gives a perspective of historical influences on migration.
Health Studies: These are migration studies that concentrate on the physical and mental health consequences of migration on migrants, their families, and communities in urban and rural settings.
"It can also mean population growth in urban areas instead of rural ones."
"It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas."
"Urbanization refers to the proportion of the total national population living in areas classified as urban, whereas urban growth strictly refers to the absolute number of people living in those areas."
"It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized."
"This is predicted to generate artificial scarcities of land, lack of drinking water, playgrounds and so on for most urban dwellers."
"Much of which will occur in Africa and Asia."
"The United Nations has also recently projected that nearly all global population growth from 2017 to 2030 will be by cities, with about 1.1 billion new urbanites over the next 10 years."
"Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including urban planning, geography, sociology, architecture, economics, education, statistics, and public health."
"The phenomenon has been closely linked to globalization, modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization."
"Therefore, urbanization can be quantified either in terms of the level of urban development relative to the overall population, or as the rate at which the urban proportion of the population is increasing."
"Urbanization creates enormous social, economic and environmental challenges..."
"...which provide an opportunity for sustainability with the 'potential to use resources much less or more efficiently, to create more sustainable land use and to protect the biodiversity of natural ecosystems.'"
"However, current urbanization trends have shown that massive urbanization has led to unsustainable ways of living."
"Developing urban resilience and urban sustainability in the face of increased urbanization is at the center of international policy."
"Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of human social roots on a global scale."
"Village culture is characterized by common bloodlines, intimate relationships, and communal behavior, whereas urban culture is characterized by distant bloodlines, unfamiliar relations, and competitive behavior."
"This unprecedented movement of people is forecast to continue and intensify during the next few decades, mushrooming cities to sizes unthinkable only a century ago."
"The world urban population growth curve has up till recently followed a quadratic-hyperbolic pattern."
"Urbanization is a rapid and historic transformation of human social roots on a global scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is being rapidly replaced by predominantly urban culture."