"Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study."
The study of different cultures and ways of life through the observation and analysis of human societies and social practices.
Definition of Ethnography: A definition of ethnography as a research method used to study human behavior, culture, and customs through participant observation, interviews, and fieldwork.
History of Ethnography: A brief overview of the history of ethnography, including its roots in anthropology and its evolution over time.
Ethnographic Tradition: An explanation of the different types of ethnographic traditions, such as positivist, interpretive, and critical, and their contributions to ethnography.
Fieldwork: A description of fieldwork methodology, including data collection techniques like participant observation, interviews, and surveys.
Data Analysis and Interpretation: Tips for analyzing and interpreting ethnographic data, including coding and creating themes from the data.
Ethics in Ethnography: A discussion of the ethical considerations in conducting ethnographic research, including informed consent, confidentiality, and cultural sensitivity.
Cultural Competence: An exploration of the importance of cultural competence in ethnographic research, including understanding cultural norms and practices, and building rapport with study participants.
Language and Communication: An overview of the importance of language in ethnography, and techniques for fostering effective communication with study participants.
Documenting Ethnography: Tools for documenting and presenting ethnographic research, such as audio and video recordings, field notes, and photographs.
Engaged Ethnography: An introduction to engaged and participatory ethnography, including the challenge of balancing advocacy and objectivity.
Writing Ethnography: Tips for writing ethnography, such as selecting a targeted audience and creating a logical structure for the research.
Diversity and Intersectionality: An exploration of the role of diversity and intersectionality in ethnography, including understanding the intersections of race, gender, sexual orientation, and other forms of identity.
Applied Ethnography: An overview of applied ethnography and its relevance to public policy research and development.
Ethnographic Theory: A discussion of the different theoretical frameworks and perspectives that inform ethnographic research, including structuralism, post-structuralism, and feminist theory.
Comparison and Contrast: A comparison and contrast of ethnography with other research methods, such as focus groups, surveys, and interviews.
Participant observation Ethnography: It is the most common type of Ethnography where ethnographers participate in a social group's daily lives to observe and record their actions.
Case study Ethnography: In this type, the ethnographer usually focuses on a single individual or a group of people they follow over a given period of time. It is a method used to understand the complexity and depth of a social phenomenon.
Autoethnography: In this type, the researcher uses their personal experience as the primary data source. Autoethnographers reflect on their personal experiences concerning the social phenomenon they are studying.
Life history Ethnography: Life history involves interviewing and documenting an individual's memories, experiences, and life trajectories. The objective is to understand the cultural, social, and political contexts of an individual's life.
Film Ethnography: In this type, the researcher uses visual media as the primary source of data. The researcher may use film or video recordings to portray and analyze social behavior or culture.
Cyber Ethnography: This type of ethnography involves researching social phenomena that occur online. Researchers study how social media, online communities, and digital technologies are transforming social, cultural, and political behaviors.
Visual Ethnography: Visual Ethnography involves using imagery to document, analyze and present aspects of human culture or social life. Researchers use various visual media such as pictures and videos to perform their analysis.
Historical Ethnography: It is research that employs historical methods and archival research techniques to understand the cultural practices of a group, community, or society in the past.
"Ethnography is [...] a type of social research that involves examining the behavior of the participants in a given social situation and understanding the group members' own interpretation of such behavior."
"Ethnography relies heavily on participant observation—on the researcher participating in the setting or with the people being studied, at least in some marginal role, and seeking to document, in detail, patterns of social interaction and the perspectives of participants."
"It had its origin in social and cultural anthropology in the early twentieth century, but spread to other social science disciplines, notably sociology, during the course of that century."
"Ethnographers mainly use qualitative methods, though they may also employ quantitative data."
"The typical ethnography is a holistic study and so includes a brief history, and an analysis of the terrain, the climate, and the habitat."
"A wide range of groups and organizations have been studied by this method, including traditional communities, youth gangs, religious cults, and organizations of various kinds."
"While, traditionally, ethnography has relied on the physical presence of the researcher in a setting, there is research using the label that has relied on interviews or documents, sometimes to investigate events in the past such as the NASA Challenger disaster."
"There is also a considerable amount of 'virtual' or online ethnography, sometimes labeled netnography or cyber-ethnography."
"Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study."
"Ethnography relies heavily on participant observation—on the researcher participating in the setting or with the people being studied."
"Ethnography seeks to document, in detail, patterns of social interaction and the perspectives of participants, and to understand these in their local contexts."
"Ethnography had its origin in social and cultural anthropology but spread to other social science disciplines, notably sociology."
"A wide range of groups and organizations have been studied by this method, including traditional communities, youth gangs, religious cults, and organizations of various kinds."
"There is research using the label that has relied on interviews or documents, sometimes to investigate events in the past such as the NASA Challenger disaster."
"The typical ethnography is a holistic study and so includes a brief history, and an analysis of the terrain, the climate, and the habitat."
"There is also a considerable amount of 'virtual' or online ethnography, sometimes labeled netnography or cyber-ethnography."
"Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study."
"Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study."
"Ethnographers mainly use qualitative methods, though they may also employ quantitative data."