"Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study."
Guidelines for compiling and presenting ethnographic research findings.
Introduction to Ethnography: Introduction to Ethnography is a course that provides an overview of the study of different cultures and societies through qualitative research methods, including participant observation and interviews.
Research Design: Research design refers to the systematic planning and structure implemented in academic research to ensure the collection of relevant and reliable data for analysis.
Data Analysis: Data analysis involves the systematic examination and interpretation of historical records and ethnographic data to uncover patterns, relationships, and trends.
Writing Ethnographic Reports: Writing Ethnographic Reports involves documenting and analyzing the cultural practices, beliefs, and social dynamics of a specific group or community through detailed, descriptive narratives.
Cultural Sensitivity: Cultural sensitivity refers to the understanding, respect, and awareness of diverse cultures, values, and practices in order to communicate and interact effectively in a respectful manner.
Reflexivity: Reflexivity refers to an analytical approach that critically examines the researcher's own position, assumptions, and biases in relation to the field of study.
Ethics: Ethics in historical disciplines and writing ethnographic reports refers to the moral principles and considerations that guide the study and representation of cultures, ensuring respect, accuracy, and integrity in research and the portrayal of individuals and communities.
Digital Ethnography: Digital Ethnography involves studying and understanding human behavior and social interactions within digital spaces and online communities.
Autoethnography: Autoethnography is an approach to research and writing that explores personal experiences within larger social and cultural contexts to understand individual and collective identities.
Realist ethnography: This is the most traditional form of ethnographic writing, which attempts to capture the "real" experience of a particular group or culture. Realist ethnographers aim to be objective observers who document the practices, customs, and beliefs of the group they are studying.
Radical ethnography: This type of ethnography is critical of dominant social structures and ideologies. Radical ethnographers focus on power relations, inequality and resistance within the society they are studying. They aim to develop a new way of understanding social phenomena that challenges the status quo.
Applied ethnography: This type of ethnography is focused on practical applications of ethnographic data. Applied ethnographers work with organizations, communities, or governments to develop policies or programs that improve people's lives.
Autoethnography: This is a method of writing ethnographic reports that is based on the author's personal experience. Autoethnographers analyze their own experiences and connect it to broader social themes, drawing on both personal and cultural insights.
Participatory Action Research (PAR): PAR is a type of ethnography that emphasizes collaboration with the group under study. Researchers work with community members to identify problems, collect data, and develop interventions that address the issues. This approach aims to empower community members to take an active role in improving their own lives.
Visual ethnography: This is a type of ethnographic report that uses visual media, such as photography, video, or artwork, to document the group or culture being studied. Visual ethnographers aim to convey the everyday experiences and practices of the people they study in a more compelling and intuitive way.
Virtual ethnography: With the increasing significance of the internet as a social space, virtual ethnography has become an important method of examining online communities. This type of ethnography is conducted through online interactions, with researchers observing and interacting with members of the online community to gain insights into their experiences, practices, and beliefs.
"Ethnography is [...] a type of social research that involves examining the behavior of the participants in a given social situation and understanding the group members' own interpretation of such behavior."
"Ethnography relies heavily on participant observation—on the researcher participating in the setting or with the people being studied, at least in some marginal role, and seeking to document, in detail, patterns of social interaction and the perspectives of participants."
"It had its origin in social and cultural anthropology in the early twentieth century, but spread to other social science disciplines, notably sociology, during the course of that century."
"Ethnographers mainly use qualitative methods, though they may also employ quantitative data."
"The typical ethnography is a holistic study and so includes a brief history, and an analysis of the terrain, the climate, and the habitat."
"A wide range of groups and organizations have been studied by this method, including traditional communities, youth gangs, religious cults, and organizations of various kinds."
"While, traditionally, ethnography has relied on the physical presence of the researcher in a setting, there is research using the label that has relied on interviews or documents, sometimes to investigate events in the past such as the NASA Challenger disaster."
"There is also a considerable amount of 'virtual' or online ethnography, sometimes labeled netnography or cyber-ethnography."
"Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study."
"Ethnography relies heavily on participant observation—on the researcher participating in the setting or with the people being studied."
"Ethnography seeks to document, in detail, patterns of social interaction and the perspectives of participants, and to understand these in their local contexts."
"Ethnography had its origin in social and cultural anthropology but spread to other social science disciplines, notably sociology."
"A wide range of groups and organizations have been studied by this method, including traditional communities, youth gangs, religious cults, and organizations of various kinds."
"There is research using the label that has relied on interviews or documents, sometimes to investigate events in the past such as the NASA Challenger disaster."
"The typical ethnography is a holistic study and so includes a brief history, and an analysis of the terrain, the climate, and the habitat."
"There is also a considerable amount of 'virtual' or online ethnography, sometimes labeled netnography or cyber-ethnography."
"Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study."
"Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study."
"Ethnographers mainly use qualitative methods, though they may also employ quantitative data."