"Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study."
Different approaches and methods to conducting ethnographic research.
Introduction to Ethnography: This topic covers the basic definition, meaning, and history of ethnography as a research method.
Research Design: This topic focuses on designing an ethnographic research study. It covers research questions, research objectives, research paradigms, research design types, and research sampling methods.
Fieldwork and Participant Observation: This topic discusses the process of conducting ethnographic research, including fieldwork, participant observation, and data collection techniques.
Ethical Considerations: This topic covers the ethical considerations and challenges of conducting ethnographic research, including informed consent, confidentiality, and data protection.
Data Collection Methods: This topic covers various data collection methods used in ethnography, including interviews, surveys, participant observation, and document analysis.
Data Analysis: This topic discusses the process of data analysis in ethnographic research. It covers how to manage, code, and analyze qualitative data, including thematic analysis and content analysis.
Ethnographic Writing: This topic covers the process of writing up ethnography findings, including how to structure a qualitative research report and how to represent the data in a meaningful way.
Reflexivity: This topic covers how to reflect on the role of the researcher in ethnographic research, including the researcher's values and biases.
Triangulation: This topic covers how to use triangulation to strengthen the validity of ethnographic research findings, including the use of multiple sources of data.
Interpretive frameworks: This topic covers how to use interpretive frameworks to analyze ethnographic data, including critical race theory, feminist theory, and postcolonial theory.
Participant Observation: This method involves the researcher observing everyday life of the participants, while also being involved in the activities themselves.
Interviews: This method involves the researcher asking open-ended questions to participants to gain deeper insights into their experiences, perceptions, and opinions.
Focus Groups: This method involves the researcher bringing together a group of participants who share similar characteristics to discuss a particular topic or issue in detail.
Case Studies: This method involves in-depth exploration of a particular individual, group, community, or organization to understand their unique experiences and behaviors.
Content Analysis: This method involves analyzing documents, photos, videos, or other types of media to understand the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of individuals in a particular culture or community.
Surveys and Questionnaires: This method involves the distribution of surveys or questionnaires to a large group of people in a particular population to collect quantitative data.
Visual Ethnography: This method involves the use of photography or videography to capture and analyze visual data that represents the cultural practices and norms of a particular group or community.
Participatory Action Research: This method involves a collaborative approach to research where the researcher works closely with the participants to address issues and challenges in their community.
Ethnographic Filmmaking: This method involves creating and analyzing documentaries or short films that showcase the culture, customs, and behaviors of a particular group or community.
Archival Research: This method involves the collection and analysis of historical documents, such as letters, diaries, and other written materials, to understand the sociocultural context of a particular period or group of people.
"Ethnography is [...] a type of social research that involves examining the behavior of the participants in a given social situation and understanding the group members' own interpretation of such behavior."
"Ethnography relies heavily on participant observation—on the researcher participating in the setting or with the people being studied, at least in some marginal role, and seeking to document, in detail, patterns of social interaction and the perspectives of participants."
"It had its origin in social and cultural anthropology in the early twentieth century, but spread to other social science disciplines, notably sociology, during the course of that century."
"Ethnographers mainly use qualitative methods, though they may also employ quantitative data."
"The typical ethnography is a holistic study and so includes a brief history, and an analysis of the terrain, the climate, and the habitat."
"A wide range of groups and organizations have been studied by this method, including traditional communities, youth gangs, religious cults, and organizations of various kinds."
"While, traditionally, ethnography has relied on the physical presence of the researcher in a setting, there is research using the label that has relied on interviews or documents, sometimes to investigate events in the past such as the NASA Challenger disaster."
"There is also a considerable amount of 'virtual' or online ethnography, sometimes labeled netnography or cyber-ethnography."
"Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study."
"Ethnography relies heavily on participant observation—on the researcher participating in the setting or with the people being studied."
"Ethnography seeks to document, in detail, patterns of social interaction and the perspectives of participants, and to understand these in their local contexts."
"Ethnography had its origin in social and cultural anthropology but spread to other social science disciplines, notably sociology."
"A wide range of groups and organizations have been studied by this method, including traditional communities, youth gangs, religious cults, and organizations of various kinds."
"There is research using the label that has relied on interviews or documents, sometimes to investigate events in the past such as the NASA Challenger disaster."
"The typical ethnography is a holistic study and so includes a brief history, and an analysis of the terrain, the climate, and the habitat."
"There is also a considerable amount of 'virtual' or online ethnography, sometimes labeled netnography or cyber-ethnography."
"Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study."
"Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study."
"Ethnographers mainly use qualitative methods, though they may also employ quantitative data."