"The Middle Ages or medieval period... lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries."
Divisions of time based on significant historical events or changes in society, such as the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Medieval period.
BC and AD: The BC-AD system is a chronological dating system that divides time into two periods: Before and after the birth of Jesus Christ.
CE and BCE: The CE-BCE system is a recently adopted alternative to the BC-AD system, which stands for Common Era and Before Common Era. It avoids the use of religious references.
Ages: Historical and cultural periods of time, often marked by a significant event or cultural change, such as the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Middle Ages.
Dynasties: A series of rulers from one family, often used in reference to ancient and medieval China and Egypt.
Renaissance: A cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century in Europe, characterized by a renewed interest in classical antiquity, humanism, and creativity in the arts.
Early Modern Period: A term used to describe the period between the end of the Renaissance and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, characterized by significant changes in science, art, and society.
Industrial Revolution: A period of rapid industrialization and technological advancement in the 18th and 19th centuries, most notably in Britain.
Victorian Era: A period of British history spanning the reign of Queen Victoria, characterized by strict social codes, industrialization, and the expansion of the British Empire.
World War I: A global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918, involving many of the world's major powers.
World War II: A global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945, involving many of the world's major powers, resulting in the deaths of millions of people and the devastation of many countries.
Cold War: A period of political tension and military rivalry between the Western powers, led by the US, and the communist powers, led by the Soviet Union, lasting from 1947 to 1991.
Postmodernism: A cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in the mid-20th century, characterized by a rejection of modernist principles and a focus on fragmentation, irony, and relativism.
Information Age: The current period characterized by the widespread use of computers and digital technology and the growth and advancement of the internet.
Anthropocene: A proposed geological era characterized by the impact of human activity on the Earth's environment.
Futurism: A cultural and artistic movement focused on the future and promoting progress and new technologies.
Age of Exploration: A period of European exploration and colonization that began in the 15th century and continued into the early 17th century, resulting in the discovery of new territories and the expansion of trade.
Age of Enlightenment: A period of intellectual and cultural flourishing in Europe in the 18th century, characterized by the promotion of reason, science, and individualism.
Scientific Revolution: A period of significant scientific advancements in the 16th and 17th centuries, characterized by the development of new scientific methods and the discovery of new scientific laws and theories.
Space Age: A period of technological advancement and exploration of space that began with the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik in 1957.
Digital Age: The current period characterized by the widespread use of digital technology and the growth and advancement of the internet.
Geological Eras: Define the major stages in the history of Earth's formation, including the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras.
Paleolithic Era: The first period of human history, spanning roughly 2.6 million to 10,000 years ago, characterized by the use of stone tools and hunting and gathering lifestyles.
Neolithic Era: The period of human history that followed the Paleolithic era, marked by the development of agriculture, domestication of animals, and the use of pottery and other materials.
Bronze Age: A period of increased technology and metalworking, characterized by the use of bronze tools and weapons in the manufacture of goods.
Iron Age: A period marked by the widespread use of iron, which replaced bronze as the primary metal for tools and weapons.
Classical Era: The period of ancient Greek and Roman history characterized by significant cultural, architectural, and artistic achievements.
Medieval Era: A period in European history that spanned from the fall of Rome in 476 CE to the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century, with significant advances in science and technology, as well as the development of feudalism and the spread of Christianity.
Renaissance Era: A period of cultural and intellectual growth in Western Europe that emerged in the 15th century, characterized by significant advancements in art, science, and philosophy.
Age of Enlightenment: A period in European history marked by the rise of reason, scientific inquiry, and revolutionary political ideas, spanning the 17th and 18th centuries.
Industrial Revolution: The period of the 18th and 19th centuries marked by significant advances in manufacturing, transportation, and technology.
Contemporary Era: The period from the mid-20th century to the present day, characterized by globalization, technological advancements, globalization, and ongoing social and political changes.
"It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD."
"It ended with the fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD before transitioning into the Renaissance and then the Age of Discovery."
"The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: antiquity, medieval, and modern."
"The large-scale movements of the Migration Period... led to the rise of new kingdoms in Western Europe."
"The Middle East and North Africa came under caliphal rule with the Arab conquests."
"The Byzantine Empire survived in the Eastern Mediterranean and advanced secular law through the Code of Justinian."
"In the West, most kingdoms incorporated extant Roman institutions, while the influence of Christianity expanded across Europe."
"[The Carolingian Empire] succumbed to internal conflict and external invasions from the Vikings from the north, Magyars from the east, and the Muslims from the south."
"The population of Europe increased greatly... technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish... climate change allowed crop yields to increase."
"Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors."
"The East–West Schism of 1054."
"The Crusades were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims."
"[The Crusades] also contributed to the expansion of Latin Christendom in the Baltic region and the Iberian Peninsula."
"Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason."
"The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo."
"Difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe."
"Between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans."
"Controversy, heresy, and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil strife, and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms."
"Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period."