"Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how a person's various social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege."
Intersectionality refers to the interconnectedness of different social identities, such as race, gender, and sexuality, and how they contribute to experiences of oppression and privilege.
Gender identity and expression: Understanding the complexities of different gender identities and how individuals express themselves.
Race and ethnicity: Understanding the intersection of race and gender and how they impact an individual's experiences.
Sexual orientation: Exploring the ways in which people of diverse sexual orientations experience oppression and discrimination.
Disability: Understanding the intersection of disability and gender and how people with disabilities experience discrimination.
Socio-economic status: Exploring the ways in which people of different socio-economic backgrounds may experience discrimination based on their gender identity and expression.
Religion: Understanding how religious beliefs may impact an individual's relationship to their gender identity and expression.
Immigration and citizenship: Exploring how immigration status and citizenship may impact an individual's experiences of discrimination based on their gender identity and expression.
Healthcare: Understanding the ways in which healthcare may impact transgender individuals, specifically related to insurance coverage, access to healthcare providers, and patient safety.
Education: Exploring the ways in which transgender individuals may experience discrimination and marginalization in educational settings.
Legal issues: Understanding the current legal protections for transgender individuals in areas such as employment, housing, and public accommodations.
Violence and harassment: Exploring the ways in which transgender individuals may experience violence and harassment in different settings, including at home and in public spaces.
Intersectionality and allyship: Understanding the importance of intersectionality and the role of allies in supporting and amplifying the voices of transgender individuals.
Gender identity: The experience of identifying as a gender that does not align with the sex assigned at birth.
Transphobia: The fear, hatred, and discrimination against transgender individuals, often fueled by societal attitudes and cultural norms.
Race: How different racial identities intersect with transgender identity, often resulting in unique experiences of marginalization.
Class: How social class intersects with transgender identity, impacting access to resources, healthcare, and employment opportunities.
Disability: How disability intersects with transgender identity, impacting access to healthcare and other resources.
Citizenship and immigration status: How transgender individuals who are also immigrants or refugees face unique challenges due to intersecting identities and experiences of discrimination.
Sexuality: How sexual orientation intersects with transgender identity, impacting relationships, social support, and experiences of discrimination.
Geography: How location and cultural context intersect with transgender identity, impacting access to resources and opportunities.
"Examples of these factors include gender, caste, sex, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, religion, disability, weight, and physical appearance."
"These intersecting and overlapping social identities may be both empowering and oppressing."
"Intersectional feminism aims to separate itself from white feminism by acknowledging women's differing experiences and identities."
"The term intersectionality was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989."
"Intersectionality opposes analytical systems that treat each axis of oppression in isolation."
"In this framework, for instance, discrimination against black women cannot be explained as a simple combination of misogyny and racism, but as something more complicated."
"Intersectionality engages in similar themes as triple oppression, which is the oppression associated with being a poor or immigrant woman of color."
"Criticism includes the framework's tendency to reduce individuals to specific demographic factors, and its use as an ideological tool against other feminist theories."
"Critics have characterized the framework as ambiguous and lacking defined goals."
"As it is based in standpoint theory, critics say the focus on subjective experiences can lead to contradictions and the inability to identify common causes of oppression."
"However, little good-quality quantitative research has been done to support or undermine the theory of intersectionality."
"An analysis of academic articles published through December 2019 found that there are no widely adopted quantitative methods to investigate research questions informed by intersectionality."
"The analysis ... provided recommendations on analytic best practices for future research."
"An analysis of academic articles published through May 2020 found that intersectionality is frequently misunderstood when bridging theory into quantitative methodology."
"In 2022, a quantitative approach to intersectionality was proposed based on information theory, specifically synergistic information."
"In this framing, intersectionality is identified with the information about some outcome (e.g. income, etc.) that can only be learned when multiple identities (e.g. race and sex) are known together."
"Intersectionality is identified with the information about some outcome [...] that can [...] not [be] extractable from analysis of the individual identities considered separately."
"Critics [argue] the inability to identify common causes of oppression."
"Intersectionality broadens the scope of the first and second waves of feminism, [...] to include the different experiences of women of color, poor women, immigrant women, and other groups."