"Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how a person's various social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege."
Exploration of the ways in which multiple identities (such as race, gender, class, and disability) intersect to create unique experiences and challenges.
Social constructs: Understanding how society constructs social categories such as gender, race, and sexuality, and the impact these constructs have on individuals and communities.
Marginalization: Recognizing how individuals and communities are marginalized by systems of power and privilege, which perpetuate inequalities and discrimination.
Intersectionality: The concept of intersectionality highlights the ways in which systems of oppression and power intersect and overlap, creating unique experiences and challenges for individuals who hold multiple marginalized identities.
Power dynamics: Understanding how power operates at the individual, institutional, and societal levels, and how these power dynamics affect marginalized individuals and communities.
Representation: Examining the ways in which media and cultural narratives contribute to the erasure or misrepresentation of marginalized identities, and the impact this has on individuals and communities.
Allyship: Learning about the principles and practices of allyship, which involve supporting and advocating for marginalized communities and individuals with respect and sensitivity.
Implicit bias: Recognizing the ways in which implicit biases and stereotypes can impact our perceptions and interactions with others, and the importance of challenging these biases in order to create more inclusive and equitable spaces.
Ableism: Examining the ways in which ableism (discrimination and prejudice against individuals with disabilities) operates in society and how it intersects with other forms of oppression.
Transphobia: Exploring the ways in which transphobia (discrimination and prejudice against transgender individuals) operates in society and how it intersects with other forms of oppression.
Feminism: Understanding the principles and practices of feminism, which aim to challenge patriarchy and promote gender equity and justice for all individuals.
Gender and race intersectionality: This type considers the experiences of women of color who face both gender and racial discrimination.
Disability and race intersectionality: This type looks at the experiences of people with disabilities who face both disability-related discrimination and racism.
Gender and class intersectionality: This type considers how poverty and social class intersect with gender identity and expression, impacting individuals' experiences of marginalization.
Sexual orientation and gender identity intersectionality: This type of intersectionality focuses on the experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals who face discrimination and prejudice based on their sexuality and gender identity.
Disability and gender intersectionality: This type examines the experiences of disabled people who identify as women, men, non-binary, or in other ways and how their gender identity intersects with their disability status.
Health and race intersectionality: This type looks at how people of color face disproportionately higher rates of certain health issues due to racism and discrimination, such as Black maternal mortality rates.
Age and disability intersectionality: This type considers the experiences of people who are both disabled and aging; it explores how ageism and ableism intersect and impact individuals' lives.
Gender and race and class intersectionality: This type considers how gender, race, and class intersect to shape people's experiences of marginalization and privilege.
"Examples of these factors include gender, caste, sex, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, religion, disability, weight, and physical appearance."
"These intersecting and overlapping social identities may be both empowering and oppressing."
"Intersectional feminism aims to separate itself from white feminism by acknowledging women's differing experiences and identities."
"The term intersectionality was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989."
"Intersectionality opposes analytical systems that treat each axis of oppression in isolation."
"In this framework, for instance, discrimination against black women cannot be explained as a simple combination of misogyny and racism, but as something more complicated."
"Intersectionality engages in similar themes as triple oppression, which is the oppression associated with being a poor or immigrant woman of color."
"Criticism includes the framework's tendency to reduce individuals to specific demographic factors, and its use as an ideological tool against other feminist theories."
"Critics have characterized the framework as ambiguous and lacking defined goals."
"As it is based in standpoint theory, critics say the focus on subjective experiences can lead to contradictions and the inability to identify common causes of oppression."
"However, little good-quality quantitative research has been done to support or undermine the theory of intersectionality."
"An analysis of academic articles published through December 2019 found that there are no widely adopted quantitative methods to investigate research questions informed by intersectionality."
"The analysis ... provided recommendations on analytic best practices for future research."
"An analysis of academic articles published through May 2020 found that intersectionality is frequently misunderstood when bridging theory into quantitative methodology."
"In 2022, a quantitative approach to intersectionality was proposed based on information theory, specifically synergistic information."
"In this framing, intersectionality is identified with the information about some outcome (e.g. income, etc.) that can only be learned when multiple identities (e.g. race and sex) are known together."
"Intersectionality is identified with the information about some outcome [...] that can [...] not [be] extractable from analysis of the individual identities considered separately."
"Critics [argue] the inability to identify common causes of oppression."
"Intersectionality broadens the scope of the first and second waves of feminism, [...] to include the different experiences of women of color, poor women, immigrant women, and other groups."