"The long-standing debate in biology and society about the relative influence on human beings of their genetic inheritance (nature) and the environmental conditions of their development (nurture)."
The debate over how much of human development is shaped by genetics versus environment.
Genetics: The study of inherited characteristics and traits.
Heritability: The proportion of variation in a trait that is due to genetic factors.
Environment: The study of external factors such as surroundings, culture, and socialization that influence human development.
Epigenetics: The study of how environmental factors can influence gene expression.
Nature vs. Nurture: The debate over the relative influences of genetics and environment on human development.
Behavioral genetics: The study of the genetic basis of behavior.
Twin studies: Studies that compare the characteristics of identical and fraternal twins to determine the relative contributions of genetics and environment.
Adoption studies: Studies that compare the characteristics of adoptees with their biological and adoptive parents to determine the relative contributions of genetics and environment.
Parenting styles: The different ways in which parents interact with their children, and how these interactions can affect children's development.
Socialization: The process by which individuals learn the norms, values, and expectations of their culture.
Cultural influences: The ways in which culture can shape an individual's development.
Gender development: The study of how gender identity and gender roles are formed.
Evolutionary psychology: The study of how evolutionary processes have shaped behavior and mental processes.
Neuroscience: The study of the brain and nervous system, and how they influence behavior and mental processes.
Psychopathology: The study of psychological disorders and their causes, including the role of genetics and environment.
Cognitive development: The study of how children develop reasoning, problem-solving, and other cognitive skills.
Language acquisition: The study of how children acquire language, and the role of genetics and environment in this process.
Intelligence: The study of individual differences in mental ability, and the relative contribution of genetics and environment to these differences.
Personality development: The study of how individuals develop their unique personalities, and how genetics and environment can influence this process.
Moral development: The study of how individuals develop their sense of right and wrong, and the role of genetics and environment in this process.
Biological determinism: This theory suggests that an individual's biological makeup, such as genes and hormones, completely determine their development and behavior.
Environmentalism: This theory suggests that environmental factors, such as parenting, education, and cultural experiences, completely determine an individual's development and behavior.
Interactionism: This theory suggests that both nature and nurture interact and contribute to an individual's development and behavior. This is the most widely accepted view.
Epigenetics: This theory suggests that environmental factors can influence gene expression, leading to different developmental outcomes.
Behavioral genetics: This theory uses twin and adoption studies to try to tease apart the genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
Evolutionary psychology: This theory suggests that human development and behavior can be explained by our evolutionary history and the adaptive structures and processes that have been passed down through generations.
Sociobiology: This theory suggests that social behavior is determined by genetics and can be explained by evolution, particularly the idea of natural selection.
Cultural determinism: This theory suggests that culture is the primary determinant of human development and behavior.
Social learning theory: This theory suggests that individuals learn behavior through observation and modeling of those around them.
Psychoanalytic theory: This theory suggests that early childhood experiences and unconscious desires influence an individual's development and behavior.
Cognitive theory: This theory suggests that an individual's development and behavior are influenced by their mental processes, such as memory, attention, and perception.
Constructivism: This theory suggests that individuals actively construct their own knowledge and understanding of the world through their experiences and interactions with the environment.
"The alliterative expression 'nature and nurture' in English has been in use since at least the Elizabethan period and goes back to medieval French."
"Nature is what people think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors."
"Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception, e.g., the product of exposure, experience, and learning on an individual."
"The phrase in its modern sense was popularized by the Victorian polymath Francis Galton, the modern founder of eugenics and behavioral genetics when he was discussing the influence of heredity and environment on social advancement."
"The view that humans acquire all or almost all their behavioral traits from 'nurture' was termed tabula rasa ('blank tablet, slate') by John Locke in 1690."
"A blank slate view (sometimes termed blank-slatism) in human developmental psychology, which assumes that human behavioral traits develop almost exclusively from environmental influences, was widely held during much of the 20th century."
"The debate between 'blank-slate' denial of the influence of heritability, and the view admitting both environmental and heritable traits, has often been cast in terms of nature versus nurture."
"These two conflicting approaches to human development were at the core of an ideological dispute over research agendas throughout the second half of the 20th century. As both 'nature' and 'nurture' factors were found to contribute substantially, often in an inextricable manner, such views were seen as naive or outdated by most scholars of human development by the 21st century."
"The strong dichotomy of nature versus nurture has thus been claimed to have limited relevance in some fields of research."
"Close feedback loops have been found in which nature and nurture influence one another constantly, as seen in self-domestication."
"In ecology and behavioral genetics, researchers think nurture has an essential influence on nature."
"Similarly in other fields, the dividing line between an inherited and an acquired trait becomes unclear, as in epigenetics or fetal development." (Note: The remaining questions can be formulated based on the provided information.)