"…policies and practices that exist throughout a whole society or organization that result in and support a continued unfair advantage to some people and unfair or harmful treatment of others based on race."
Studies how racism is embedded in society's institutions such as government, education, and social systems.
What is Institutional Racism?: A comprehensive overview of the definition and understanding of institutional racism, including its impact and consequences.
Historical Context of Institutional Racism: The historical account of racism in the U.S. and the evolution of institutional racism over time.
Institutional Racism and the Law: The role of law in reinforcing institutional racism; laws and policies that promote or prevent institutional racism.
Redlining and Housing Segregation: The practice of redlining and its impact on housing segregation, neighborhood quality, and generational wealth.
Police Brutality and Racism: Racial profiling, police brutality, and their impact on communities of color.
Environmental Racism: The disproportionate placement of hazardous waste sites, pollution sources, and industrial facilities in communities of color.
Education and Institutional Racism: Disparities in education access, academic performance, and disciplinary actions among different races.
Employment Discrimination: Racial disparities in hiring, promotion, and retention in the workplace.
Health Disparities and Institutional Racism: Racial disparities in health outcomes, access to healthcare, and quality of care.
Intersectionality: The intersection of race, gender, class, and other social identities in shaping institutional racism and the experiences of different communities.
Microaggressions and Racial Bias: The impact of subtle racist messages, gestures, and attitudes on people of color.
White Privilege: The advantages and unearned benefits conferred to white individuals and how it perpetuates institutional racism.
Allyship: Strategies and tactics for being a supportive ally to communities of color and combating institutional racism.
Decolonizing Education and Institutions: Addressing institutional racism and colonization by bringing diverse perspectives and collective liberation to the forefront.
Racial profiling: When law enforcement targets certain racial groups for searches or questioning without evidence of wrongdoing.
School to prison pipeline: An example in which students of color face harsher discipline, lower expectations of academic achievement, and are more likely to be suspended or expelled from school, which can lead to involvement in the criminal justice system.
Employment discrimination: When racial minorities face difficulties getting hired, promotions, or are subject to harassment and unequal treatment in the workplace.
Housing discrimination: When real estate or rental agents steer minorities away from certain neighborhoods or deny them access to housing.
Redlining: The practice of denying mortgages or insurance to residents of certain neighborhoods, which historically has targeted communities of color.
Environmental racism: When certain communities, usually low-income neighborhoods and communities of color, are disproportionately exposed to toxins and pollution.
Healthcare disparities: When people of certain races face unequal access to healthcare, receive inadequate care, or face discrimination in medical settings.
"The term institutional racism was first coined in 1967 by Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton in Black Power: The Politics of Liberation."
"While individual racism is often identifiable because of its overt nature, institutional racism is less perceptible because of its 'less overt, far more subtle' nature."
"It manifests as discrimination in areas such as criminal justice, employment, housing, healthcare, education, and political representation."
"Institutional racism was defined by Sir William Macpherson in the UK's Lawrence report (1999)."
"[It] can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes, and behavior that amount to discrimination through prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people."
"It results in and supports a continued unfair advantage to some people and unfair or harmful treatment of others based on race."
"Institutional racism 'originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than [individual racism].'"
"It manifests as discrimination in areas such as criminal justice…"
"It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes, and behavior that amount to discrimination through prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and racist stereotyping."
"Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton…"
"[It] can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes, and behavior that amount to discrimination through prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and racist stereotyping…"
"…criminal justice, employment, housing, healthcare, education, and political representation."
"…also known as systemic racism…"
"The collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin."
"Institutional racism 'originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society…"
"The term institutional racism was first coined in 1967…"
"Institutional racism 'originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than [individual racism].'"
"Criminal justice, employment, housing, healthcare, education, and political representation."
"While individual racism is often identifiable because of its overt nature, institutional racism is less perceptible because of its 'less overt, far more subtle' nature."