"…policies and practices that exist throughout a whole society or organization that result in and support a continued unfair advantage to some people and unfair or harmful treatment of others based on race."
Focuses on past instances of systematic and institutionalized racism in societies.
Race: The idea that human beings can be categorised into distinct biological groups based on physical features, such as skin colour or facial features.
Ethnicity: A classification of people who share a common ancestry and cultural heritage, often with a shared language, religion, or geographic origin.
Power: The ability of individuals or groups to exert influence over others, often due to social, economic, or political resources.
Prejudice: A negative attitude towards a particular group of people based on preconceived ideas or stereotypes.
Discrimination: The differential treatment of individuals or groups based on their race, ethnicity, or other characteristics, such as age or gender.
Stereotypes: Generalisations and assumptions made about a particular group of people based on limited information or individual experiences.
Privilege: Unearned benefits, advantages, and opportunities granted to individuals or groups based on their race, gender, socioeconomic status, or other characteristics.
Institutional racism: Discrimination and bias that exists within social, political, and economic institutions, often perpetuated by policies, practices, and cultural norms.
Systemic racism: The broader institutional and societal structures and patterns that support and perpetuate racism.
Historical racism: The long-standing, persistent patterns of discrimination and oppression towards certain racial or ethnic groups, often stemming from colonisation, slavery, or other forms of forced migration or exploitation.
Critical race theory: An academic framework that examines the role of race and racism in society, particularly in legal and institutional contexts.
Intersectionality: The idea that individuals may experience multiple forms of marginalisation and oppression based on their intersecting identities, such as race, gender, sexuality, and age.
Social justice: The pursuit of fairness, equal opportunity, and the elimination of discrimination and oppression in society.
Anti-racism: Active opposition to racism and discrimination, including personal beliefs and actions, as well as advocacy for policies and practices that promote equality and justice.
Slavery-based racism: The racial discrimination and subjugation of Black Africans as enslaved people.
Jim Crow racism: The legalized segregation enforced in the United States, which separated Black and White Americans in public spaces, housing, and education.
Colonial racism: The colonial powers' racist treatment and oppression of the colonized peoples of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas.
Scientific racism: The use of psuedoscientific theories to justify racist beliefs and policies, such as "eugenics" and the "scientific" categorization of people based on their physical features.
Institutional racism: Systemic and systematic discrimination against racialized populations that influences policies and practices of institutional structures such as education, health care, policing, and the criminal justice system.
Apartheid racism: The system of racial segregation and oppression in South Africa that lasted from 1948-1994.
Xenophobic racism: Racism towards people of different nationalities, ethnicities, or cultural backgrounds.
Anti-Semitism: Racism and discrimination targeting Jewish people.
Islamophobia: Racism and discrimination targeting Muslims.
Colorism: Discrimination based on skin tone, with lighter-skinned individuals often receiving preferential treatment over darker-skinned individuals of the same racial group.
"The term institutional racism was first coined in 1967 by Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton in Black Power: The Politics of Liberation."
"While individual racism is often identifiable because of its overt nature, institutional racism is less perceptible because of its 'less overt, far more subtle' nature."
"It manifests as discrimination in areas such as criminal justice, employment, housing, healthcare, education, and political representation."
"Institutional racism was defined by Sir William Macpherson in the UK's Lawrence report (1999)."
"[It] can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes, and behavior that amount to discrimination through prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people."
"It results in and supports a continued unfair advantage to some people and unfair or harmful treatment of others based on race."
"Institutional racism 'originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than [individual racism].'"
"It manifests as discrimination in areas such as criminal justice…"
"It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes, and behavior that amount to discrimination through prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and racist stereotyping."
"Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton…"
"[It] can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes, and behavior that amount to discrimination through prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and racist stereotyping…"
"…criminal justice, employment, housing, healthcare, education, and political representation."
"…also known as systemic racism…"
"The collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin."
"Institutional racism 'originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society…"
"The term institutional racism was first coined in 1967…"
"Institutional racism 'originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than [individual racism].'"
"Criminal justice, employment, housing, healthcare, education, and political representation."
"While individual racism is often identifiable because of its overt nature, institutional racism is less perceptible because of its 'less overt, far more subtle' nature."