"Colonialism is a practice by which a country controls people or areas, often by establishing colonies, generally for strategic and economic advancement."
A study of how Native American societies became colonized and conquered by European settlers and the impact of this on their traditional way of life.
Pre-Columbian Societies: The original inhabitants of the Americas and their various societies.
The Columbian Exchange: The impacts of the transatlantic trading and sharing of ideas, plants, animals, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
European Exploration and Expansion: The reasons for European expansion, the major European powers and their colonization efforts, and the effects on Native American societies.
Spanish Conquest and Colonization: The Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas, including Cortés' conquest of the Aztecs, Pizarro's inauguration of the Inca Empire, and the establishment of New Spain in present-day Mexico and the southwestern United States.
French Colonization: The French colonization of the Americas and their diplomacy with Native American nations.
British Colonization: The British colonization of North America and their relations with Native American tribes and nations.
Dutch Colonization: The Dutch colonization of the Americas in the seventeenth century and their role in the slave trade.
Portuguese Colonization: The Portuguese colonization of the Americas, including Portugal's claim of present-day Brazil and the slave trade.
Early Native American Resistance: The various forms of resistance and rebellion by Native Americans against European colonization and encroachment.
Indian Wars: The various conflicts between Native American nations and the growing United States, including the Seminole Wars and the Apache Wars.
American Indian Boarding Schools: The forced assimilation of Native American children into European American culture through Indian boarding schools.
Indian Removal: The forced relocation of Native Americans from their ancestral lands to reservations, including the Trail of Tears.
American Indian Sovereignty: The concept of Native American sovereignty and their ongoing struggles for legal recognition and autonomy.
Modern Native Americans' Struggles: The contemporary issues affecting Native American communities, including poverty, land rights, environmental issues, and cultural preservation.
Indigenous Knowledge: The unique knowledge, perspectives, and ways of life of Native American communities and their contributions to the world today.
Mercantilist Colonization: This type of colonization focused mainly on extracting resources from the colonies, which were seen as providers of raw materials and markets for the products of the mother country.
Settler Colonization: In this type of colonization, the mother country established permanent settlements in a foreign territory, displacing or assimilating the indigenous people or populations already living there to make room for the settlers.
Military Conquest: Military conquest involves the use of military power to conquer a foreign territory and subjugate its population, either by force or by treaty.
Religious Conquest: This type of conquest is often tied to missionary work aimed at converting the native population to the religion of the conquerors. It involves the imposition of religious beliefs, practices, and institutions on the conquered people.
Deportation: Often used as a tool of conquest, deportation involves the forced removal of people from their homeland to another location, often with the aim of assimilating or replacing them with the conquerors.
Treaty Making: In this scenario, the conquerors negotiate with the indigenous populations to establish treaties, covenants and alliances that would govern their relationship with one another. These treaties often become contentious and fraught with issues of power imbalance and distrust.
Economic Conquest: This type of conquest involves taking control of the economy of a foreign territory by manipulating trade, imposing tariffs, and extracting resources for the benefit of the conquerors.
Cultural Conquest: Cultural conquest happens when one culture is imposed upon another, often through language, education, cultural practices, customs and values. This can result in the suppression or erasure of the indigenous culture.
Genocide: A severe form of conquest, genocide involves the systematic elimination of a particular ethnic, racial, or cultural group. It is often marked by mass killings, forced sterilization, forced removal of children, and the destruction of cultural and religious sites.
"Colonialism is etymologically rooted in the Latin word 'Colonus', which was used to describe tenant farmers in the Roman Empire."
"Colonialism has existed since ancient times."
"The concept is most strongly associated with the European and Japanese empires."
"Starting in the 15th century and extending to the mid-1900s."
"At first, conquest followed policies of mercantilism, aiming to strengthen the home-country economy."
"Agreements usually restricted the colony to trading only with the metropole (mother country)."
"By the mid-19th century."
"Missionaries were active in practically all of the European-controlled colonies because the metropoles were Christian."
"Historian Philip Hoffman calculated that by 1800, before the Industrial Revolution, Europeans already controlled at least 35% of the globe."
"By 1914, they had gained control of 84% of the globe."
"Colonial powers retreated between 1945 and 1975; over which time nearly all colonies gained independence, entering into changed colonial, so-called postcolonial and neocolonialist relations."
"The coloni sharecroppers started as tenants of landlords, but the system evolved so they were permanently indebted to the landowner and were trapped in servitude."
"The system evolved so they were permanently indebted to the landowner and were trapped in servitude."
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