- "Border control comprises measures taken by governments to monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime borders."
This subfield addresses the impact of immigration policies and practices on immigrants' access to social, economic, and political rights, as well as their experiences of racialization and discrimination.
Immigration policy: The laws, regulations and rules that govern immigration to a specific country.
History of Immigration: The historical perspective of how immigrants shape the economic and political landscape of a country.
Social Justice: The importance of social equality, of human rights and welfare for immigrants, and their descendants.
Ethnic Identity as Perpetuated by Immigration: The impact of immigration on identity and how ethnicity is perceived.
Racism and Discrimination: The role of bias and bigotry in shaping immigration laws and how it affects racial hierarchies for immigrants.
Intersectionality: The overlapping influence of various factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, class and culture on immigrant experiences.
Education, Employment and Health Disparities: Understanding the barriers facing immigrants in these domains and how it disproportionately affects marginalized communities.
Immigration Policy Reform: The need for reforms in immigration policy to align it with social justice and equity, the impact of policy reform efforts, and the contradictions or biases that emerge within the policy-making process.
Structural racism and immigration policies: This concept explains how immigration policies are created based on racial biases and perpetuate systemic racism by excluding particular groups of immigrants or creating hierarchies among them.
Intersectionality and immigration: This theory highlights the ways in which other social identities, including race, gender, sexuality, and class, intersect to create unique experiences for immigrants. For example, a queer person of color may face distinct challenges in navigating the immigration system compared to a heterosexual white immigrant.
Intra-racial hierarchies and immigration: This concept refers to how certain racial groups may hold more privilege or power within their own communities and how this dynamic impacts the experiences of immigrants. For example, an upper-class Indian immigrant may be treated differently than a lower-class Indian immigrant due to differences in social status.
Transnationalism and immigration: This theory recognizes that immigration is not just about moving from one country to another but involves connections and relationships across national borders. Immigrants may maintain ties and engage in economic, political, and cultural activities in both their home and host countries.
Colorblindness and immigration: This concept refers to the idea that policies and practices that do not take into account the unique experiences of immigrants of color or assume that race does not play a role in their experiences can perpetuate systemic racism and discrimination.
- "It also encompasses controls imposed on internal borders within a single state."
- "Border control measures serve a variety of purposes, ranging from enforcing customs, sanitary and phytosanitary, or biosecurity regulations to restricting migration."
- "While some borders (including most states' internal borders and international borders within the Schengen Area) are open and completely unguarded..."
- "...others (including the vast majority of borders between countries as well as some internal borders) are subject to some degree of control and may be crossed legally only at designated checkpoints."
- "Border controls in the 21st century are tightly intertwined with intricate systems of travel documents, visas, and increasingly complex policies that vary between countries."
- "Enforcing customs, sanitary and phytosanitary, or biosecurity regulations to restricting migration."
- "Internal borders within a single state" are subject to border control measures as well.
- Enforcing customs regulations is one purpose served by border control measures.
- "others (including the vast majority of borders between countries as well as some internal borders) are subject to some degree of control..."
- "While some borders (including most states' internal borders and international borders within the Schengen Area) are open and completely unguarded..."
- "Monitor and regulate the movement of...goods across... borders."
- "...intricate systems of travel documents, visas..."
- "...increasingly complex policies that vary between countries."
- "...restricting migration."
- Enforcing biosecurity regulations is one purpose served by border control measures.
- "Monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals..."
- "...across land, air, and maritime borders."
- "...may be crossed legally only at designated checkpoints."
- "international borders within the Schengen Area) are open and completely unguarded..."