"Critical race theory (CRT) is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing how laws, social and political movements, and media shape, and are shaped by, social conceptions of race and ethnicity."
This subfield analyzes how racial inequality is reproduced and reinforced in educational institutions, policies, and practices, and how anti-racist education can be promoted.
Introduction to critical race theory: Includes the history, the key tenets, and the relevance of the framework to education.
Intersectionality: Describes how social identities such as race, gender, sexuality, and class intersect to produce complex forms of oppression and privilege.
White privilege: An examination of how white privilege shapes educational policies, practices, and outcomes.
Structural inequality: Looks at structural barriers that perpetuate inequality in education, such as segregation, tracking, and resource inequalities.
Racial microaggressions: Explores the ways in which subtle forms of discrimination occur on a daily basis in educational institutions.
Culturally responsive teaching: Examines strategies for developing inclusive and culturally sensitive curricula and pedagogies.
Equity vs. equality: Looks at the distinctions between equity and equality in educational policy and practice, and how they relate to critical race theory.
Implicit bias: Explores the ways in which unconscious biases can affect teacher, administrator, and student decision-making and outcomes within educational institutions.
Anti-racism: Presents a framework for actively working against racism within education at all levels.
Whiteness: A critical examination of the social construction of whiteness and its effects on educational policy and practice.
Privilege and marginalization: An analysis of how privilege and marginalization interact and shape educational experiences, opportunities, and outcomes.
Critical pedagogy: An approach to educational practice that emphasizes making explicit the power dynamics inherent in the classroom and the wider educational system.
Traditional Education: This type of education focuses on conventional ways of teaching and learning, which often include Eurocentric perspectives.
Multicultural Education: This type of education acknowledges and celebrates the diversity among students and seeks to promote inclusivity in the classroom.
Social Justice Education: This type of education focuses on the structures of power, privilege and oppression that exist within society and aims to address these issues.
Anti-Racist Education: This type of education aims to develop an understanding of the ways in which racism is perpetuated within society and to challenge these systems of oppression.
Feminist Education: This type of education seeks to challenge gender norms and aims to promote gender equity, often within the context of social justice education.
Queer Education: This type of education seeks to educate students on the experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals, with the goal of increasing acceptance and tolerance of all genders, sexual orientations, and identities.
Indigenous Education: This type of education seeks to teach students about Indigenous peoples' histories, cultures, and ways of knowing, and acknowledge their contributions in shaping North and South American societies.
Critical Pedagogy: This type of education focuses on the critical examination of power structures in society and aims to create an environment where students can reflect, question, and challenge these systems of oppression.
Culturally Responsive Teaching: This approach to education seeks to inculcate into teaching practices an appreciation for students' cultures, languages, and experiences, as well as more-modern cultural traditions, and helps teachers increase student’s learning and understanding.
"CRT also considers racism to be systemic in various laws and rules, and not only based on individuals' prejudices."
"The word critical in the name is an academic reference to critical thinking, critical theory, and scholarly criticism, rather than criticizing or blaming individuals."
"CRT is also used in sociology to explain social, political, and legal structures and power distribution as through a 'lens' focusing on the concept of race, and experiences of racism."
"A key CRT concept is intersectionality—the way in which different forms of inequality and identity are affected by interconnections of race, class, gender, and disability."
"For example, the CRT conceptual framework examines racial bias in laws and legal institutions, such as highly disparate rates of incarceration among racial groups in the United States."
"Scholars of CRT view race as a social construct with no biological basis."
"One tenet of CRT is that racism and disparate racial outcomes are the result of complex, changing, and often subtle social and institutional dynamics, rather than explicit and intentional prejudices of individuals."
"CRT scholars argue that the social and legal construction of race advances the interests of white people at the expense of people of color, and that the liberal notion of U.S. law as 'neutral' plays a significant role in maintaining a racially unjust social order."
"CRT began in the United States in the post–civil rights era, as 1960s landmark civil rights laws were being eroded and schools were being re-segregated."
"CRT, a framework of analysis grounded in critical theory, originated in the mid-1970s in the writings of several American legal scholars, including Derrick Bell, Alan Freeman, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Richard Delgado, Cheryl Harris, Charles R. Lawrence III, Mari Matsuda, and Patricia J. Williams."
"CRT draws from the work of thinkers such as Antonio Gramsci, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and W. E. B. Du Bois, as well as the Black Power, Chicano, and radical feminist movements from the 1960s and 1970s."
"Academic critics of CRT argue it is based on storytelling instead of evidence and reason, rejects truth and merit, and undervalues liberalism."
"Since 2020, conservative U.S. lawmakers have sought to ban or restrict the instruction of CRT education in primary and secondary schools, as well as relevant training inside federal agencies."
"Advocates of such bans argue that CRT is false, anti-American, villainizes white people, promotes radical leftism, and indoctrinates children."
"Advocates of bans on CRT have been accused of misrepresenting its tenets."
"Advocates of bans on CRT have been accused of... having the goal to broadly silence discussions of racism, equality, social justice, and the history of race." Note: Due to the length and complexity of the passage, not every question may have an explicit quote matching it exactly. However, the selected quotes provide relevant information related to the study questions.