"Environmental justice or eco-justice, is a social movement to address environmental injustice, which occurs when poor and marginalized communities are harmed by hazardous waste, resource extraction, and other land uses from which they do not benefit."
Environmental justice law seeks to protect vulnerable populations from disproportionate exposure to environmental harm or the unequal distribution of environmental benefits. It addresses environmental racism, classism, and other forms of environmental discrimination.
Environmental Policy: A comprehensive study of the policies related to environmental protection and the legal framework governing environmental regulations.
Environmental Law: The system of laws and regulations governing the environment, including pollution control, waste management, and conservation.
Sustainability and sustainable development: The concept of sustainable development and its relation to environmental protection.
Environmental Ethics: The study of ethics as it applies to environmental protection and the moral responsibility of individuals and governments towards the environment.
Environmental Justice: Identifying and addressing inequities that arise from environmental pollution, lax regulation, and unequal enforcement of environmental laws and regulations.
Climate Change Law: The laws and regulations addressing the implications of climate change with respect to environmental protection and sustainability.
International Environmental Law: Laws and policies governing the environment at the international level, including treaties aimed at addressing global environmental challenges.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): The process used to evaluate the environmental effects of proposed projects or policy changes.
Land Use: Regulations governing the use of land, including zoning laws and regulations, and the impact of land use changes on the environment.
Environmental Dispute Resolution: The legal mechanisms available for resolving disputes related to environmental issues, including litigation, arbitration, and mediation.
Environmental Health: The study of how the environment affects human health and the legal frameworks governing environmental health protection.
Natural Resource Law: The legal frameworks governing the management and conservation of natural resources, including forests, water, minerals, and wildlife.
Corporate Social Responsibility: The responsibilities of corporations towards environmental protection and sustainable development, including adherence to environmental laws and regulations.
Renewable Energy and Energy Policy: Laws and policies related to renewable energy sources and addressing energy sustainability.
Environmental Crime: Criminal offenses related to environmental destruction, including illegal logging, wildlife trafficking, and pollution.
Environmental Governance: The legal and political frameworks governing environmental decision-making, including the role of government actors, private sector, and civil society.
Environmental Advocacy: Strategies and tactics used by environmental organizations and advocacy groups to bring about change and raise awareness of environmental issues.
Clean Air Act: This law regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources to protect public health and the environment.
Clean Water Act: This law regulates pollution in navigable waters and protects fish, shellfish, and other aquatic life.
Endangered Species Act: This law protects endangered and threatened species and their habitats from destruction or harm.
National Environmental Policy Act: This law requires federal agencies to consider environmental impacts of major projects and actions.
Toxic Substances Control Act: This law regulates the manufacture, distribution, and disposal of chemicals to protect public health and the environment.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act: This law regulates hazardous waste and solid waste management and disposal.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act: This law addresses cleanup of hazardous waste sites and holds responsible parties liable for the cost of remediation.
Environmental Justice Executive Order: This order requires federal agencies to identify and address environmental and health impact disparities in low-income and minority communities.
"The movement began in the United States in the 1980s."
"It was heavily influenced by the American civil rights movement and focused on environmental racism within rich countries."
"The movement was later expanded to consider gender, international environmental injustice, and inequalities within marginalized groups."
"The movement for environmental justice has thus become more global, with some of its aims now being articulated by the United Nations. The movement overlaps with movements for Indigenous land rights and for the human right to a healthy environment."
"The goal of the environmental justice movement is to achieve agency for marginalized communities in making environmental decisions that affect their lives."
"The global environmental justice movement arises from local environmental conflicts in which environmental defenders frequently confront multi-national corporations in resource extraction or other industries."
"Local outcomes of these conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans-national environmental justice networks."
"Environmental justice scholars have produced a large interdisciplinary body of social science literature that includes contributions to political ecology, environmental law, and theories on justice and sustainability."
"Environmental injustice, which occurs when poor and marginalized communities are harmed by hazardous waste, resource extraction, and other land uses from which they do not benefit."
"The movement began in the United States in the 1980s."
"The movement was heavily influenced by the American civil rights movement and focused on environmental racism within rich countries."
"The movement was later expanded to consider gender, international environmental injustice, and inequalities within marginalized groups."
"As the movement achieved some success in rich countries, environmental burdens were shifted to the Global South (as, for example, through extractivism or the global waste trade)."
"The movement overlaps with movements for Indigenous land rights and for the human right to a healthy environment."
"The goal of the environmental justice movement is to achieve agency for marginalized communities in making environmental decisions that affect their lives."
"Local outcomes of these conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans-national environmental justice networks."
"Environmental justice scholars have produced a large interdisciplinary body of social science literature that includes contributions to political ecology, environmental law, and theories on justice and sustainability."
"Exposure to environmental harm is inequitably distributed."
"As the movement achieved some success in rich countries, environmental burdens were shifted to the Global South."