"Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns, and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population."
The study of patterns of disease and health in populations.
Basic Epidemiological Concepts: This includes the understanding of the measures of disease occurrence, epidemiological measures, and the study designs used to investigate the association between exposure and disease.
Environmental Health: This includes the study of the relationship between environmental exposures and health outcomes. Environmental health can encompass the physical environment, chemical exposures, and biological exposures.
The Epidemiological Triad: This is the concept of the host, agent, and environment and how they are interconnected to cause disease.
Study Design: This includes the different types of study designs used to investigate the association between exposure and disease such as case-control studies, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials.
Exposure Assessment: This is the process of measuring the exposure to the agent in question in a given population or individual.
Bio-statistics: This encompasses the statistical methods used in epidemiology, including statistical inference, hypothesis testing, and multivariable linear regression analysis.
Outbreak Investigation: This involves the investigation of epidemics and outbreaks, including the identification of causative agents and risk factors associated with the outbreak.
Data Interpretation: This involves the interpretation of results of epidemiological studies, including the strength of the association, the magnitude of the effect, and the potential for confounding and bias.
Health Policy: This involves the policy decisions made by governments, organizations, and societies in response to environmental health issues, including the development of regulations, guidelines, and interventions to control and prevent disease.
Surveillance and Monitoring: This involves the monitoring of disease incidence rates, the detection of outbreaks and epidemics, and the tracking of health outcomes over time.
Epidemiology in Public Health: This entails the application of epidemiologic principles and methods to address public health issues, including the development of disease prevention and control strategies.
Epidemiology in Occupational Health: This involves the study of the impact of occupational exposures on health outcomes and the development of interventions and policies to prevent occupational diseases.
Epidemiology in Global Health: This entails the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease globally, including the role of social, economic, and environmental factors.
Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology: This entails the study of the relationship between occupational and environmental exposures and health outcomes, including the potential health impacts of chemical, physical, and biological exposures.
Chronic Disease Epidemiology: This involves the study of the distribution and determinants of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, including the identification of risk factors and prevention strategies.
Infectious Disease Epidemiology: This type of epidemiology focuses on the transmission, spread, and prevention of infectious diseases that may arise as a result of environmental factors.
Chronic Disease Epidemiology: Chronic disease epidemiology deals with the study of the distribution and determinants of chronic diseases that are caused by long-term exposure to environmental factors.
Occupational Epidemiology: Occupational epidemiology involves the evaluation of the health effects of occupational exposure to environmental hazards, such as chemicals, toxins, or radiation.
Environmental Epidemiology: Environmental epidemiology is concerned with identifying and quantifying environmental risk factors associated with health outcomes.
Molecular Epidemiology: Molecular epidemiology seeks to understand the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in the development of disease.
Social Epidemiology: Social epidemiology investigates the social and economic determinants of health, such as poverty, education, and access to healthcare.
Pharmacoepidemiology: Pharmacoepidemiology examines the utilization and effects of drugs and other medical products on human health.
Nutritional Epidemiology: Nutritional epidemiology looks at the relationship between diet and health outcomes, including the incidence and prevalence of chronic disease.
Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology: This type of epidemiology focuses on the study of factors that influence reproductive health, such as fertility, pregnancy, and infant mortality.
Cardiovascular Epidemiology: Cardiovascular epidemiology examines the distribution, determinants, and prevention of cardiovascular disease in populations.
Genetic Epidemiology: Genetic epidemiology analyzes the role of genetic factors in the development and progression of diseases in populations.
Neuroepidemiology: Neuroepidemiology concerns with the distribution and determinants of neurological diseases, such as dementia, stroke, and multiple sclerosis.
Cancer Epidemiology: Cancer epidemiology examines the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors associated with different types of cancer.
Psychiatric Epidemiology: Psychiatric epidemiology investigates the prevalence and risk factors for mental health disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders.
Infectious Disease Modeling: Infectious disease modeling is the use of mathematical models to understand the spread and dynamics of infectious diseases, and to assess the effectiveness of interventions aimed at controlling their transmission.
"It is a cornerstone of public health and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare."
"Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review)."
"Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes, statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions, social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes, and engineering for exposure assessment."
"Major areas of epidemiological study include disease causation, transmission, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, environmental epidemiology, forensic epidemiology, occupational epidemiology, screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials."
"The term epidemiology is derived from Greek, 'epi' meaning 'upon, among', 'demos' meaning 'people, district', and 'logos' meaning 'study, word, discourse,' suggesting that it applies only to human populations."
"The term epidemiology is widely used in studies of zoological populations (veterinary epidemiology), although the term "epizoology" is available, and it has also been applied to studies of plant populations (botanical or plant disease epidemiology)."
"The term 'epidemiology' appears to have first been used to describe the study of epidemics in 1802 by the Spanish physician Joaquín de Villalba in Epidemiología Española."
"The distinction between 'epidemic' and 'endemic' was first drawn by Hippocrates, to distinguish between diseases that are 'visited upon' a population (epidemic) from those that 'reside within' a population (endemic)."
"Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population, a condition known as a syndemic."
"The term epidemiology is now widely applied to cover the description and causation of not only epidemic, infectious disease, but of disease in general, including related conditions."
"Some examples of topics examined through epidemiology include high blood pressure, mental illness, and obesity."
"Epidemiology aims to study the distribution, patterns, and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population."
"Epidemiology shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare."
"Statistics helps epidemiologists make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions."
"Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences."
"Major areas of epidemiological study include disease causation, transmission, outbreak investigation, and disease surveillance."
"Epidemiology includes environmental epidemiology, which helps in understanding the impact of the environment on disease patterns."
"Epidemiology includes occupational epidemiology, which focuses on studying health issues related to occupations and workplaces."
"Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes."