"An analog signal is any continuous-time signal representing some other quantity, i.e., analogous to another quantity."
Study of the principles and practices of analog communication signals and systems that use continuous signals or waves for transmitting information.
Analog signals: This topic covers the basics of analog signals, their characteristics, and how they are represented.
Spectrum analysis: It involves the study of different types of spectra, such as power spectral density and frequency spectrum.
Continuous wave modulation: This topic entails the study of how information is transmitted using continuous wave modulation techniques, such as amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM).
Pulse modulation: This includes pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and pulse position modulation (PPM).
Amplitude modulation (AM): It's a modulation technique for transmitting information by varying the amplitude of a carrier wave.
Frequency modulation (FM): It's a modulation technique for transmitting information by varying the frequency of a carrier wave.
Phase modulation (PM): It's a modulation technique that uses the phase of a carrier wave to carry information.
Demodulation: The process of extracting the original signal from the modulated carrier signal.
Radio communication: This topic covers the various techniques used in analog radio communication, such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and single sideband modulation (SSB).
Television transmission: This subject involves understanding the principles behind analog television transmission, signal processing, and display.
Noise and interference: This topic covers the various sources of noise and interference in analog communication systems and how they affect system performance.
Transmission lines: It entails the study of characteristics of transmission lines and how they are used in analog communication systems.
Antennas and propagation: This topic covers the different types of antennas, their characteristics, and how they are used in analog communication systems.
Analog-to-digital conversion: It's the process of converting analog signals to digital format, such that the information can be processed using digital devices.
Signal processing: This includes the processing of analog signals for various applications, such as filtering, amplification, and modulation.
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR): The ratio of the magnitude of a signal to the magnitude of the noise in a communication channel.
Bandwidth: The range of frequencies over which an analog signal can be transmitted without significant distortion.
Carrier frequency: The frequency of the unmodulated sinusoidal wave that is modulated to carry information in a communication system.
Channel capacity: The maximum amount of information that can be transmitted through a communication channel.
Modulation index: The extent of modulation of a carrier wave due to the application of a modulating signal.
Modulation schemes: The different techniques used to modulate analog signals for transmission, such as amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, and pulse modulation.
Filter design: The process of designing filters to remove unwanted noise and interference from analog signals.
Receiver design: The process of building a receiver to demodulate and recover the transmitted signal.
Transmitter design: The process of building a transmitter to generate and modulate the signal for transmission.
Multiplexing: The process of combining multiple signals into a single channel for transmission.
Amplitude Modulation (AM): In this type of analog communication system, the amplitude of a high-frequency carrier wave varies according to the modulating signal.
Frequency Modulation (FM): In this type of analog communication system, the frequency of a high-frequency carrier wave varies according to the modulating signal.
Single Sideband (SSB): This type of analog communication system uses amplitude modulation to suppress one of the sidebands and the carrier frequency, thus reducing the bandwidth required for transmission.
Vestigial Sideband (VSB): In this type of analog communication system, one sideband is partially suppressed, using a filter or limiter, to reduce the required bandwidth.
Phase Modulation (PM): In this type of analog communication system, the phase of a high-frequency carrier wave varies according to the modulating signal.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): QAM is a type of amplitude modulation that uses two carrier waves that are out of phase with each other to transmit two sets of modulating signals.
Continuous Wave (CW): This type of analog communication system involves the transmission of a constant wave without any modulation.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM): In this type of analog communication system, the amplitude of a pulse waveform varies according to the modulating signal.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): This type of analog communication system involves the quantization and encoding of an analog signal into a digital signal, which can then be transmitted over a digital communication system.
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): In this type of analog communication system, multiple signals are transmitted over a single channel by dividing the channel into time slots, with each signal occupying a different time slot.
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM): This type of analog communication system involves the transmission of multiple signals over a single channel by dividing the channel into sub-bands or frequency channels, with each signal occupying a different frequency channel.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): In this type of analog communication system, the amplitude of a carrier wave is modulated to transmit digital data, with different amplitudes representing different digital states.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): In this type of analog communication system, the frequency of a carrier wave is modulated to transmit digital data, with different frequencies representing different digital states.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK): In this type of analog communication system, the phase of a carrier wave is modulated to transmit digital data, with different phase shifts representing different digital states.
Spread Spectrum: This type of analog communication system involves the deliberate spreading of a signal over a wide frequency band to reduce interference and improve security.
Delta Modulation: This type of analog communication system involves the encoding of analog signals into a series of delta pulses, with each pulse representing the difference between the current and previous signal levels.
Analog Frequency Modulation (AFM): In this type of analog communication system, the frequency of an audio signal is modulated using an intermediate frequency (IF) carrier wave, which is then modulated by a high-frequency carrier wave for transmission.
Analog Phase Modulation (APM): This type of analog communication system involves the modulation of an audio signal by a high-frequency carrier wave, with the phase of the carrier wave varying according to the audio signal.
Direct-Current Modulation (DCM): In this type of analog communication system, the amplitude of a radio wave is modulated by varying the direct current (DC) voltage used to power the transmitter.
Infrared (IR) Communication: IR communication involves the transmission of data using infrared light waves, which is commonly used in remote controls and other short-range applications.
"For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous signal voltage varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves."
"A digital signal represents the original time-varying quantity as a sampled sequence of quantized values."
"Digital sampling imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation."
"Digital sampling [...] adds quantization error."
"The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals."
"Mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey or be considered analog signals."
"The instantaneous signal voltage varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves."
"A digital signal represents the original time-varying quantity as a sampled sequence of quantized values."
"Digital sampling imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation."
"D igital sampling [...] adds quantization error."
"Digital sampling imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation and adds quantization error."
"Mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey or be considered analog signals."
"An analog signal is any continuous-time signal representing some other quantity, i.e., analogous to another quantity."
"The instantaneous signal voltage varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves."
"Digital sampling imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation and adds quantization error."
"The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals."
"Mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey or be considered analog signals."
"A digital signal represents the original time-varying quantity as a sampled sequence of quantized values."
"Digital sampling imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation and adds quantization error."